Difference between revisions of "Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 2: Modeling of Buildings (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)"

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__NOTOC__
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== Document History ==  
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== Dokumentversionen ==
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'''Version'''
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'''Status'''
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'''Remarks'''
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0.8.0
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Januar 2012
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nicht öffentlich
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Erste Versuche
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0.9.0
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April 2012
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nicht öffentlich
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Fertigstellung von Kapitel 1-4.1; 4.2 wird später bearbeitet
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1.0.0
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Mai 2012
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SIG 3D / AG Qualität
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öffentlich
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Erste öffentliche Version von Kapitel 1-4.1;
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|-
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1.1.0
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Januar/Februar 2013
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SIG 3D / AG Qualität
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nicht öffentlich
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Vorbereitung Version 2.0.0 mit Erweiterter Modellierung;
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-->
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2.0.0
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März 2013
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SIG 3D / AG Qualität
  
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&copy; 2013 Special Interest Group 3D (SIG3D) der GDI-DE http://www.sig3d.org
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öffentlich
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Erste öffentliche Version mit Erweiterter Modellierung;
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2.0.0 EN
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November 2013
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SIG 3D / Quality Working Group
  
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== Einleitung ==
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&copy; 2013-2014  Special Interest Group 3D (SIG3D) of the Spatial Data Infrastructure Germany (GDI-DE) http://www.sig3d.org /EC, KHH
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public
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English version;
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|-
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2.0.1 EN
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November 2017
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SIG 3D / Quality Working Group
  
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EC, KHH
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public
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|
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License changed to Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0;
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|- valign="top" align="left"
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| width="80%" | <div style="margin: 10px; border: 2px solid #dfdfdf; background-color:#f8f8ff;">{{Copyright-BY-NC-SA-4.0}}</div>
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|}
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-----
  
 +
== Introduction ==
  
−
=== Abgrenzung ===
 
  
−
Inspire, SIG 3D, OGC, AdV, CityGML 1.1, Building bis LoD3
 
  
−
=== Zielgruppe ===
 
  
−
Modellierer, Datenhalter, Entwickler
 
  
−
=== Erforderlich Vorkenntnisse ===
+
=== Scope ===
 +
* The modeling recommendations are usually independent from the recording method. That means that this document is '''not''' a recording manual.
 +
* This document describes the modeling of 3D objects on the basis of '''existing information'''. In case of lacking information, in particular in case of missing height information, objects must '''explicitly not''' be modeled.  For example, if all relevant information on balconies is available, this document provides recommendations for a standardized modeling. Otherwise balconies must not be modeled.
 +
* Recommendations are related to the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard '''CityGML version 1.0 and 2.0'''.
 +
* This document refers to '''national (German) and European standards''' (AdV, INSPIRE) and can only be partially generalized.
 +
* This document is restricted to the '''outer shell''' of buildings, i.e. building modeling up to LoD3
 +
-----
 +
-----
  
−
GML, CityGML, ALKIS
+
=== Target Group===
 +
* Modeler
 +
* Data holder
 +
* Developer
 +
-----
 +
-----
  
−
=== Weiterführende Referenzen ===
+
=== Prior Knowledge Required ===
 +
* GML: Geography Markup Language
 +
* CityGML: Application schema for GML for the representation, storage, and exchange of virtual 3D city and landscape models
 +
* [[ALKIS]]: Official German Land Registry Information System
 +
-----
 +
-----
  
−
Handbuch Teil 1
+
=== Further References ===
 +
* [https://portal.opengeospatial.org/modules/admin/license_agreement.php?suppressHeaders=0&access_license_id=3&target=http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/%3fartifact_id=28802 CityGML 1.0 Specification]
  
−
=== Dokumentkonventionen ===
+
* [https://portal.opengeospatial.org/modules/admin/license_agreement.php?suppressHeaders=0&access_license_id=3&target=http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/%3fartifact_id=47842 CityGML 2.0 Specification]
  
 +
* [[Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1: Basics (Rules for Validating GML Geometries in CityGML)]]
  
 +
*  [http://www.adv-online.de/icc/extdeu/binarywriterservlet?imgUid=42b23fd2-1153-911a-3b21-718a438ad1b2&uBasVariant=11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111&isDownload=true GeoInfoDok V 6.0 - Modeling of the geoinformation of the official surveying and mapping of Germany (Main Document, in German only)]
  
−
== Definitionen ==
+
* [http://www.adv-online.de/AAA-Modell/Dokumente-der-GeoInfoDok/binarywriterservlet?imgUid=c9e63fd2-1153-911a-3b21-718a438ad1b2&uBasVariant=11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111&isDownload=true ALKIS feature catalogue with building information ( in German only)]
 +
-----
 +
-----
  
 +
=== Document Conventions ===
 +
* '''Features''' are written in ''italic characters'' with the corresponding name space in ''' ''bold characters'' '''.
 +
* '''Examples''' are written in <tt>fixed width</tt>.
 +
* '''Online references''' to other internal or external pages and documents are written in <span style="color:blue;">blue</span>.
 +
* A statement which is not valid for all '''Levels of Detail''' (LoD) is noted as (LoD[1234][+]), e.g. a notation with (LoD1) is only valid for LoD1, a notation (LoD2+) is valid for all LoDs from LoD2 and above.
 +
-----
 +
-----
  
−
=== Allgemein ===
+
== Definitions und Determinations ==
  
  
−
=== Level of Detail ===
+
=== Level of Detail (Building, BuildingPart)===
  
−
Definition SIG 3D
+
'''Definitions of SIG 3D:'''
 +
* LoD0
 +
** For every building or building part the footprint or roof outline is represented by a horizontal polygon with a well defined absolute and constant height.
 +
* LoD1
 +
** For every building or building part the generalized outer shell is represented by exactly one prismatic extrusion solid. Ground, floor and roof surfaces must be horizontal, lateral boundary surfaces must be vertical.
 +
* LoD2
 +
** For every building or building part the geometrically simplified outer shell is represented by horizontal resp. vertical outer surfaces and simplified roof shapes. All kind of surfaces ( e.g. ground surfaces, wall surfaces, roof surfaces, outer ceiling surfaces, outer floor surfaces, virtual closure surfaces ) and additional building elements ( e.g. building installations like balkonies, dormers and chimneys ) may be represented as semantic objects.
 +
* LoD3
 +
** For every building or building part the geometrically detailed outer shell is represented by detailed outer surfaces and detailed roof shapes. All kind of surfaces ( e.g. ground surfaces, wall surfaces, roof surfaces, outer ceiling surfaces, outer floor surfaces, virtual closure surfaces ) and additional building elements ( e.g. building installations like balkonies, dormers and chimneys ) may be more detailly represented as semantic objects. In respect to LoD2 doors and windows can be modeled as planar thematic objects.
 +
* LoD4
 +
** For every building or building part the geometrically detailed outer shell and interior is represented by detailed outer and inner surfaces and detailed roof shapes. All kind of surfaces ( e.g. ground surfaces, inner and outer wall surfaces, inner and outer roof surfaces, outer ceiling surfaces, outer floor surfaces, virtual closure surfaces ) and additional movable and non movable building elements ( e.g. building installations like balconies, dormers, chimneys, interior and furniture ) may be represented with greater detail as semantic objects.
 +
-----
  
−
=== SRS 3D ===
+
=== Reference Coordinate System ===
 +
CityGML 2.0 strongly recommends the specification of a reference coordinate system.  For a meaningful use of data a valid reference coordinate system is imperative, therefore a valid reference coordinate system must be defined for each instance file:
  
 +
* A reference coordinate system must be defined as '''three dimensional''' (usually position and height reference system --> [[Definitionen#CCRS|see Compound Coordinate Reference System]]).
 +
* A reference coordinate system should '''not''' be changed within an instance file.
 +
* A reference coordinate system should be defined once within <tt><gml:Envelope></tt>.
  
  
−
== Geometrische Modellierung ==
+
'''Recommendations for Germany:''' ''ETRS89 / UTM / Reference ellipsoid GRS80 + DHHN92''
  
  
−
=== Basismodellierung ===
+
'''CityGML Example:'''
  
 +
<tt>
 +
<gml:boundedBy>
 +
  <gml:Envelope srsDimension="3" srsName="'''urn:adv:crs:ETRS89_UTM32*DE_DHHN92_NH'''">
 +
  '''--> [[Definitionen#CCRS|see Compound Coordinate Reference System]]'''
 +
      <gml:lowerCorner srsDimension="3">458868.0 5438343.0 112.0 </gml:lowerCorner>
 +
      <gml:upperCorner srsDimension="3">458892.0 5438362.0 117.0 </gml:upperCorner>
 +
  </gml:Envelope>
 +
</gml:boundedBy>
 +
</tt>
  
−
==== Gebäude (Building) ====
+
'''ALKIS Example:'''
 +
 
 +
<tt>
 +
<gml:boundedBy>
 +
    <gml:Envelope srsName="'''urn:adv:crs:ETRS89_UTM32'''">
 +
      <gml:pos>367456.554 5718128.391</gml:pos>
 +
      <gml:pos>367505.094 5718091.143</gml:pos>
 +
    </gml:Envelope>
 +
</gml:boundedBy>
 +
</tt>
 +
 
 +
see also [[Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1: Basics (Rules for Validating GML Geometries in CityGML)#Spatial-Reference-System|Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1]]
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
 
 +
=== <span id="ModelStructure">Model Structure</span> ===
 +
 
 +
The use of ''core:CityModel'' is not regulated  explicitly in the specification and in the schema. The multiple use of ''core:CityModel'' is compliant to the schema and will be validated.
 +
In order to avoid conflicts while importing CityGML models, it is recommended to use '''exactly one''' instance of ''core:CityModel'' as '''root element'''.
 +
 
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
 
 +
=== <span id="Heights">Heights</span> ===
 +
The ''measuredHeight'' is the '''measured''' or '''computed''' difference between the lowest terrain intersection point and the highest roof point with the following properties:
 +
 
 +
* the ''measuredHeight'' is a '''simple''' attribute and so can not be specified and/or qualified any further;
 +
* the ''measuredHeight'' is '''always''' related to the '''real''' building;
 +
* the ''measuredHeight'' is '''independent of the LoD''' of the building;
 +
* the '''computation''' of the ''measuredHeight'' should always base on the terrain model with the '''highest available resolution'''.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
The following heights are valid for flat roofs, outshot roofs, gable roofs, hip roofs, jerkinhead roofs, mansard roofs, pyramid roof, shed roof, shells and domes:
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[image:Höhenangaben-01.png|800px]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
The following heights are valid for all kind of shed roofs:
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[image:Höhenangaben-02.png|800px]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
The following heights are valid for different roof overhangs:
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[image:Höhenangaben-03.png|800px]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
If absolute heights for the noted values are needed, they have to be defined as generic attributes (dimensioned ''gen:measureAttribute''):
 +
* ''<gen:measureAttribute name="min height surface"><gen:value uom="#m">Value</gen:value></gen:measureAttribute>''
 +
* ''<gen:measureAttribute name="min height eaves"><gen:value uom="#m">Value</gen:value></gen:measureAttribute>''
 +
* ''<gen:measureAttribute name="max height eaves"><gen:value uom="#m">Value</gen:value></gen:measureAttribute>''
 +
* ''<gen:measureAttribute name="max height ridge"><gen:value uom="#m">Value</gen:value></gen:measureAttribute>''
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
 
 +
=== <span id="TerrainIntersectionLine">Terrain Intersection Line</span> ===
 +
In CityGML the terrain intersection line is an attribute of a building or building part. It is generated by intersection of the building or building part with the terrain and has the following properties:
 +
 
 +
* a terrain intersection line can be '''measured''' or '''calculated''' ;
 +
* if a terrain intersection line is calculated, the terrain model with the '''highest resolution available''' should be used;
 +
* a terrain intersection line is an '''attribute''' of the '''building or building part''';
 +
* outer building installations (''bldg:BuildingInstallation'') are '''taken into account''' from a terrain intersection line (see '''Figure A''');
 +
* a terrain intersection line is a result of the intersection of buildings in the respective LoD and the most accurate available terrain. In CityGML it has no relation to the terrain used in a visualization and its resolution and accuracy.
 +
* a terrain intersection line may consist of '''several independent parts''';
 +
* a terrain intersection line '''need not be closed''';
 +
* a terrain intersection line which does not exist in reality will '''not be taken into account''' (e.g. in the case of building parts ).
 +
<table width="800px"  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:TerrainIntersection-Fall a.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:TerrainIntersection-Fall b.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:TerrainIntersection-Fall c.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:TerrainIntersection-Fall d.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
  <tr align="middle" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Figure A
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
Figure B
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
Figure C
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
Figure D
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
 
 +
</table>
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
 
 +
=== <span id="AuskragendeBauelemente">Overhanging Building Elements</span> ===
 +
Overhanging or projecting building elements are defined as '''parts''' of roofs, walls etc, which should '''not be considered in the volume calculation of the building'''. Overhanging or projecting building elements are modeled as follows:
 +
* always as from the volume-forming building element separated surface element(s) (see '''Figure A''')
 +
* always as a surface element, if the thickness of the building element is less than 0.5 m (see '''Figure B''')
 +
* always as a solid element, if the thickness of the building element is greater than 0.5 m  (see '''Figure B''')
 +
* in LoD2 always as a surface element, if the thickness of the building element is less than 0.5 m
 +
* in LoD2 always as a solid element, if the thickness of the building element is greater than 0.5 m
 +
* in LoD3 always in the best accuracy based on available information.
 +
 
 +
<!-- erste Reihe von Beispielen -->
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="0">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="800">
 +
[[image:AuskragendeBauelemente-1.png|800px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="middle" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="500">
 +
Figure A
 +
    </td>   
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
 +
 
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="0">
 +
  <tr align="middle" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="500">
 +
[[image:AuskragendeBauelemente-2.png|500px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="middle" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Figure B
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
 +
 
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
 
 +
=== <span id="ClosedCoverageType"> Closed Coverage Type</span> ===
 +
Buildings as parts of closed coverage type (applies to semi-detached and terrace houses also) can be modeled as follows:
 +
* Buildings that are '''separated within the land register''' should be modeled as '''separate buildings'''.
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6"><tr align="left" valign="center"><td width="400">[[image:GeschlosseneBauweise-01-V01.png|400px]]</td><td width="400">[[image:GeschlosseneBauweise-04-V01.png|400px]]</td></tr><tr align="left" valign="center"><td width="400">Separate buildings of closed coverage type</td><td width="400">Terrace houses as separate buildings</td></tr></table>
 +
* Buildings that are '''united within the land register''' should be modeled as '''one single building''' which can be subdivided into building parts (e.g. row of buildings, semi-detached  or terrace houses).
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6"><tr align="left" valign="center"><td width="400">[[image:GeschlosseneBauweise-02-V01.png|400px]]</td><td width="400">[[image:GeschlosseneBauweise-03-V01.png|400px]]</td></tr><tr align="left" valign="center"><td width="400">Terrace houses as one single building</td><td width="400">Terrace houses as building parts</td></tr></table>
 +
* Buildings '''without any land register information''' and for which the building detection provides '''no usable structures''' (e.g. based on flights) should be modeled as '''one single building'''.<table  border="0" cellspacing="6"><tr align="left" valign="center"><td width="400">[[image:GeschlosseneBauweise-02-V01.png|400px]]</td></tr><tr align="left" valign="center"><td width="400">Terrace houses as one single building</td></tr></table>
 +
 
 +
The modeling of '''boundary surfaces''' between buildings must satisfy the following geometric resp. semantic conditions:
 +
* Common boundary surfaces may only '''be referenced within a building via Xlink''' (building-building part resp. building part - building part).
 +
 
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
 
 +
=== <span id="Addresses">Addresses</span> ===
 +
* The CityGML specification allows to assign an address both to a building (''bldg:Building'', ''bldg:BuildingPart'') as well as to a door (''bldg:Door''). It is recommended '''always to assign an address to a building''' (in any LoD) because doors are not available in LoD1 and LoD2.
 +
 
 +
* It is recommended to use the complete '''postal address'''.
 +
 
 +
* '''Multiple addresses''' can be assigned to one building.
 +
 
 +
* '''Umlauts''' are allowed in addresses (z.B. <span style="color:#008000">Würzburg&#9786;</span>, <span style="color:#008000"> Wuerzburg&#9786;</span>, <span style="color:#FF0000">Würzburg and Wuerzburg mixed &#9785;</span>).
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''General example:'''
 +
 
 +
Street:            Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
 +
Number:            1
 +
Zip Code:          76344
 +
City:              Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''CityGML example:'''
 +
 
 +
<core:Address>
 +
    <core:xalAddress>
 +
      <xAL:AddressDetails>
 +
          <xAL:Locality Type="Town">
 +
            <xAL:LocalityName>'''Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen'''</xAL:LocalityName>
 +
            <xAL:Thoroughfare Type="Street">
 +
                <xAL:ThoroughfareNumber>'''1'''</xAL:ThoroughfareNumber>
 +
                <xAL:ThoroughfareName>'''Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz'''</xAL:ThoroughfareName>
 +
            </xAL:Thoroughfare>
 +
            <xAL:PostalCode>
 +
                <xAL:PostalCodeNumber>'''76344'''</xAL:PostalCodeNumber>
 +
            </xAL:PostalCode>
 +
          </xAL:Locality>
 +
      </xAL:AddressDetails>
 +
    </core:xalAddress>
 +
</core:Address>
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
 
 +
=== Codelists ===
 +
Codelists for the CityGML 2.0 standard are available at "http://www.sig3d.org/codelists/standard".
 +
 
 +
The recommendations for codelists in this modeling guide refer to the proposal of the SIG3D. These codelists are availabe (in German only) at "http://www.sig3d.org/codelists/Handbuch-SIG3D" and relate to ALKIS.
 +
 
 +
This modeling guide refers to the following codelists:
 +
 
 +
*Building resp. building part (''bldg:Building / bldg:BuildingPart'')
 +
**class http://www.sig3d.org/codelists/Handbuch-SIG3D/building/2.0/CL-V1.0/_AbstractBuilding_class.xml
 +
**function http://www.sig3d.org/codelists/Handbuch-SIG3D/building/2.0/CL-V1.0/_AbstractBuilding_function.xml
 +
**usage http://www.sig3d.org/codelists/Handbuch-SIG3D/building/2.0/CL-V1.0/_AbstractBuilding_usage.xml
 +
**roofType http://www.sig3d.org/codelists/Handbuch-SIG3D/building/2.0/CL-V1.0/_AbstractBuilding_roofType.xml
 +
 
 +
*Building installations (''bldg:BuildingInstallation'')
 +
**function http://www.sig3d.org/codelists/Handbuch-SIG3D/building/2.0/CL-V1.0/BuildingInstallation_function.xml
 +
 
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
 
 +
=== Generic Attributes ===
 +
Generic (user defined) attributes may be used to represent attributes which are '''not covered explicitly by the CityGML schema'''. Generic attributes must be used with care; they shall only be used if there is no appropriate attribute available in the overall CityGML schema. Otherwise, problems concerning semantic interoperability may arise. Interoperability of generic attributes is '''reduced to attribute values''' which can  only be interpreted semantically by additional information. 
 +
The following attribute types are defined:
 +
 
 +
* ''stringAttribute'' - for arbitrary strings
 +
* ''intAttribute'' - for dimensionless integer numbers
 +
* ''doubleAttribute'' - for dimensionless floating point numbers
 +
* ''dateAttribute'' - for dates with integer-valued year, month and day representation in the format YYYY-MM-DD (e.g. 2013-03-08)
 +
* ''uriAttribute'' - represents a Uniform Resource Identifier Reference (URI) (e.g. a link to a document or a web site)
 +
* ''measureAttribute'' - for dimensioned values (CityGML 2.0)
 +
 
 +
Attributes can be combined in CityGML 2.0 by generic attribute sets '''''genericAttributeSet''''' with an optional '''''codeSpace'''''. If the '''''codeSpace''''' attribute is present, then its value should identify an authority for the set, such as the organisation or community who defined its content. The generic attribute set may contain arbitrary generic attributes.
 +
 
 +
'''CityGML Examples'''
 +
 
 +
<gen:stringAttribute name="'''construction'''"><gen:value>'''concrete'''</gen:value></gen:stringAttribute>
 +
<gen:intAttribute name="'''entries'''"><gen:value>'''3'''</gen:value></gen:intAttribute>
 +
<gen:doubleAttribute name="'''floor area ratio FAR'''"><gen:value>'''0.33'''</gen:value></gen:doubleAttribute>
 +
<gen:dateAttribute name="'''approval date'''"><gen:value>'''2012-03-09'''</gen:value></gen:dateAttribute>
 +
<gen:uriAttribute name="'''website '''"><gen:value>'''http://www.sig3d.org'''</gen:value></gen:uriAttribute>
 +
<gen:measureAttribute name="'''building width'''"><gen:value uom="#'''m'''">'''10.00'''</gen:value>/gen:measureAttribute>
 +
 
 +
<gen:genericAttributeSet name="'''Base Quantities'''">
 +
    <gen:measureAttribute name="Height"><gen:value uom="#m">9.00</gen:value></gen:measureAttribute>
 +
    <gen:measureAttribute name="Area"><gen:value uom="#m2">80.00</gen:value></gen:measureAttribute>
 +
    <gen:measureAttribute name="Volume"><gen:value uom="#m3">720.00</gen:value></gen:measureAttribute>
 +
</gen:genericAttributeSet>
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
 
 +
=== Geometry ===
 +
 
 +
There is '''no GML Profile''' for CityGML. This means that CityGML instance files will validate with every GML geometry. The specification '''restricts''' the usage of GML geometry classes (CityGML 2.0 Annex D "Overview of employed GML3 geometry classes).
 +
CityGML references to the following geometry classes ('''CityGML 2.0 Annex D'''):
 +
 
 +
{| border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse" width="90%" colspan="3"
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 25%"|
 +
'''Abstract Classes'''
 +
| style="width: 25%"|
 +
'''Instantiated Classes'''
 +
| style="width: 50%"|
 +
'''Further Limitations'''
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="2" |
 +
''gml:_Solid''
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''Solid'''''
 +
|
 +
only ''gml:OrientableSurface'', ''gml:Polygon'', ''gml:CompositeSurface'',
 +
 
 +
''tex:TexturedSurface'' (obsolete)
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''CompositeSolid'''''
 +
|
 +
no restriction
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="6" |
 +
''gml:_Surface''
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''Polygon'''''
 +
|
 +
only ''gml:'''LinearRing''''' and ''gml:'''Ring''''' exclusively with ''gml:LineString'' or ''gml:CompositeCurve''
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''OrientableSurface'''''
 +
|
 +
no restriction
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
''tex:TextureSurface''
 +
|
 +
obsolete
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''CompositeSurface'''''
 +
|
 +
only ''gml:OrientableSurface'', ''gml:Polygon'', ''gml:CompositeSurface''
 +
 
 +
''tex:TexturedSurface'' (obsolete)
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''TriangulatedSurface'''''
 +
|
 +
no restriction
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''Tin'''''
 +
|
 +
no restriction
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="2" |
 +
''gml:_Curve''
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''LineString'''''
 +
|
 +
no restriction
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''CompositeCurve'''''
 +
|
 +
''gml:LineString'' and ''gml:CompositeCurve'' only
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
''gml:_GeometricPrimitive''
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''Point'''''
 +
|
 +
no restriction
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
 
 +
''gml:_Coverage''
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''RectifiedGridCoverage'''''
 +
|
 +
no restriction
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="6" |
 +
''gml:_AbstractGeometricAggregate''
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''MultiSolid'''''
 +
|
 +
no restriction
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''MultiSurface'''''
 +
|
 +
only ''gml:OrientableSurface'', ''gml:Polygon'', ''gml:CompositeSurface'',
 +
 
 +
''tex:TexturedSurface'' (obsolete)
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''MultiCurve'''''
 +
|
 +
only ''gml:LineString'' and ''gml:CompositeCurve''
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''MultiPoint'''''
 +
|
 +
no restriction
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''GeometricComplex'''''
 +
|
 +
restricted to connected linear networks
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
''gml:'''MultiGeometry'''''
 +
|
 +
restrictrions see allowed geometry types
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
In order to keep the instance files small and to ensure an optimal editability of models, maximum flat polygons should be used, if appropriate with holes (inner rings).
 +
 
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
 
 +
=== File Name ===
 +
It is recommended to use *.gml as file extension to distinguish CityGML files from other XML files.
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
 
 +
== Modeling ==
 +
 
 +
 
 +
=== Base Modeling ===
 +
The base modeling includes the modeling of the '''building resp. building part''' itself in LoD1, with appropriate '''boundary surfaces''' in LoD2 and LoD3 and with '''windows and doors''' in LoD3. In addition, the basic modeling covers the general use of '''building installations'''.
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
==== <span id="Building">Building (''bldg:Building'')</span> ====
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===== Definition =====
 +
'''SIG3D:''' A free-standing self-supporting construction that is roofed, usually walled, and can be entered by humans and is normally designed to stand permanently in one place. It is intended for human occupancy (for example: a place of work or recreation), habitation and/or shelter of humans, animals or things.
 +
 
 +
'''ISO:''' Provision of shelter for its occupants or contents as one of its main purposes; usually partially or totally enclosed and designed to stand permanently in one place
 +
 
 +
===== CityGML Feature =====
 +
''bldg:Building''
 +
 
 +
===== Geometry =====
 +
'''''gml:Solid''''' see [[Handbuch für die Modellierung von 3D Objekten - Teil 1: Grundlagen (Regeln für valide GML Geometrie-Elemente in CityGML)#gml:Solid| Modeling Guide - Part 1]]
 +
 
 +
It is recommended to use '''''gml:Solid''''' depending on the LoD in the following way :
 +
 
 +
*In LoD1 a solid directly contains the bounding geometry ('''Figure A''')
 +
*In LoD2 and LoD3 a solid contains external references (Xlinks) to the bounding geometry ([[#Wandflächen|wall surfaces]], [[#Dachflächen|roof surfaces]], [[#Grundflächen|ground surfaces]], [[#Äußere_Deckenflächen|outer ceiling surfaces]], [[#Äußere_Bodenflächen|outer bottom surfaces]] and  [[#Virtuelle_Begrenzungsflächen|closure surfaces]] as well as [[#Türen|doors]] and [[#Fenster|windows]]) ('''Figure B''') ( see also conformance requirement no. 4 in chapter 10.3.9 of the CityGML V2.0 specification )
 +
 
 +
<!-- erste Reihe von Beispielen -->
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="400">
 +
[[image:BuildingSolid-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="400">
 +
[[image:BuildingSolidXlink.png|350px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
    <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Figure A
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
Figure B
 +
    </td> 
 +
      </tr>
 +
  </table>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''''gml:MultiSurface''''' ''' <span style="color:#FF0000">(not recommended)</span>'''
 +
 
 +
'''''gml:MultiCurve''''' '''<span style="color:#FF0000">(not recommended)</span>'''
 +
 
 +
===== <span id="BuildingAttributes">Attributes</span> =====
 +
; ''gml:id'' <span style="color:#008000">(mandatory)</span>
 +
: from GML version 3.2 onwards an id is mandatory
 +
; ''gml:name'' <span style="color:#00FF00">(recommended,  if available in the underlying land register)</span>
 +
:'name' is the proper name or the name of the building.
 +
; ''bldg:class'' (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)
 +
:The attribute ''bldg:class'' allows an unspecified classification of the building; no suggestion from the SIG3D;
 +
; ''bldg:function'' (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3) <span style="color:#00FF00">(recommended)</span>
 +
:The 'function' of a building is the predominantly functional significance of the building at the date of data collection ( principle of dominance ); see also in the SIG3D code lists.
 +
; ''bldg:usage'' (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3) <span style="color:#0000FF">(conditionally recommended)</span>
 +
:The 'usage' of a building describes the use of the building and contains the respective percentage usage share of the total use.
 +
; ''bldg:yearOfConstruction'' (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3) <span style="color:#00FF00">(recommended)</span>
 +
:The 'yearOfConstruction' is the year of completion of the construction or alteration of the building;
 +
; ''bldg:yearOfDemolition'' (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)
 +
:The 'yearOfDemolition' is the year of deconstruction of the building;
 +
;''bldg:roofType'' (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3) <span style="color:#00FF00">(recommended)</span>
 +
:'Roof type' describes the characteristic shape of the roof; see also in the code list of the SIG3D
 +
; ''bldg:measuredHeight'' (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3) <span style="color:#00FF00">(recommended)</span>
 +
:'Measured height' is the difference in [m] between the highest point of the roof structure and the defined footprint of the building; see also [[#Heights|Heights]]
 +
; ''bldg:storeysAboveGround'' (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3) <span style="color:#00FF00">(recommended, if available in the underlying land register)</span>
 +
:'storeys above ground' is the number of above-ground floors
 +
; ''bldg:storeysBelowGround'' (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3) <span style="color:#00FF00">(recommended, if available in the underlying land register)</span>
 +
:'storeys below ground' is the number of underground floors
 +
; ''bldg:storeysHeightsAboveGround'' (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)
 +
:Height between two consecutive floors of the above-ground floors
 +
; ''bldg:storeysHeightsBelowGround'' (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)
 +
:Height between two consecutive floors of the underground floors
 +
; ''bldg:lodXSolid'' (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)
 +
:LoDX geometry (volume)of the building
 +
; ''bldg:lodXMultiSurface'' (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3) <span style="color:#FF0000">(not recommended)</span>
 +
:LoDX geometry (surface) of the building
 +
; ''bldg:lodYMultiCurve'' (LoD2, LoD3) <span style="color:#FF0000">(not recommended)</span>
 +
:LoDY geometry (curve) of the building
 +
; ''bldg:lodXTerrainIntersection'' (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)
 +
:LoDX geometry (curve) of the  [[#Terrain Intersection Line|terrain intersection line]] of the building
 +
; ''bldg:outerBuildingInstallation'' (LoD2, LoD3)
 +
:Relation to LoD2/LoD3 building installation
 +
; ''bldg:boundedBy'' (LoD2, LoD3)
 +
: Relation to boundary surfaces ([[#Wandflächen|wall surfaces]], [[#Dachflächen|roof surfaces]], [[#Grundflächen|ground surfaces]], [[#Äußere_Deckenflächen|outer ceiling surfaces]], [[#Äußere_Bodenflächen|outer floor surfaces]] and [[#Virtuelle_Begrenzungsflächen|closure surfaces]])
 +
; ''bldg:consistsOfBuildingPart'' (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)
 +
:Relation to LoD1/LoD2/LoD3 building parts
 +
; ''bldg:address'' (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)
 +
:Relation to one or more building addresses
 +
 
 +
===== Examples =====
 +
 
 +
<table width="1000px"  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left">
 +
    <td colspan="6">
 +
'''Detached family house'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    </tr>
 +
  <tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="166px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Building-Example-1-V1-real.png|166px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
<!--    <td width="166px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Building-Example-1-V1-ALKIS.png|166px]]
 +
    </td>-->
 +
    <td width="166px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Building-Example-1-V1-LOD0.png|166px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="166px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Building-Example-1-V1-LOD1.png|166px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="166px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Building-Example-1-V1-LOD2.png|166px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="166px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Building-Example-1-V1-LOD3.png|166px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
  <tr align="middle" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Real Building
 +
    </td>
 +
<!--    <td>
 +
ALKIS
 +
    </td>-->
 +
    <td>
 +
CityGML LOD0
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
CityGML LOD1
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
CityGML LOD2
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
CityGML LOD3
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
 
 +
</table>
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
 
 +
==== <span id="Gebäude">Building Part (''bldg:BuildingPart'')</span> ====
  
  
 
===== Definition =====
 
===== Definition =====
 +
'''SIG3D:''' A building part is a sub-division of a building that is homogeneous related to its physical, functional or temporal aspects and may be considered as a building.
 +
 +
The subdivision of a building can be done by different criteria, e.g.
 +
* structural like number of floors, roof type, height, construction method,
 +
* administrative like building function, ownership, year of construction.
 +
 +
Building parts (''bldg:BuildingParts'') must satisfy the following conditions ( necessary conditions ):
 +
* A building part '''always''' has a relation (bldg:consistsOfBuildingPart) to '''exactly one''' building:
 +
* Buildings and building parts '''touch each other''' planar or linear-shaped,
 +
* Building parts must be '''"connected to ground"''' and can have the following '''properties''' ( for example, storeys are no building parts ):
 +
** Building parts may have different '''building attributes''' ( e.g. function, roof type ),
 +
** Building parts may have an address that '''differs''' from the address of the building,
 +
** The geometry of building parts (''bldg:BuildingParts'') must be modeled in a way that both the '''volume''' and the '''surfaces''' of the boundary surfaces ( wall surfaces, roof surfaces and ground surfaces ) correspond to the real conditions ([[#BuildingPart/Geometry|see chapter Building Part/Geometry]]),
 +
** If a building part is emphasized as the '''main part of the building''', its semantics and geometry can be modeled in the parent building,
 +
** Building parts will not be subdivided into further building parts.
 +
 +
===== CityGML Feature =====
 +
 +
''bldg:BuildingPart''
 +
 +
===== <span id="BuildingPart/Geometry"> Geometry</span> =====
 +
;'''''gml:Solid'''''
 +
:see also [[Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1: Basics (Rules for Validating GML Geometries in CityGML)#gml:Solid|Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1]]
 +
 +
:It is recommended to use '''''gml:Solid''''' depending on the LoD in the following way :
 +
 +
:*In LoD1 a solid directly contains the bounding geometry ('''Figure A''')
 +
:*In LoD2 and LoD3 a solid contains external references (Xlinks) to the bounding geometry ([[#Wall Surface|wall surfaces]], [[#Roof Surface|roof surfaces]], [[#Ground Surface|ground surfaces]], [[#Outer Ceiling Surface|outer ceiling surfaces]], [[#Äußere_Bodenflächen|outer bottom surfaces]] and  [[#Closure Surface|closure surfaces]] as well as [[#Doors|doors]] and [[#Windows|windows]]). '''Surfaces, which do not exist in reality''' are modeled as closure surfaces ('''Figure B''').
 +
:*In LoD2 a solid contains external references (Xlinks) to the real bounding geometry. '''Surfaces, which do not exist in reality''' are modeled as closure surfaces and assigned directly to the building part ('''Figure C''').
 +
 +
<!-- erste Reihe von Beispielen -->
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="333">
 +
[[image:Geometrie-Beispiel-Wiki-LOD1.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="333">
 +
[[image:Geometrie-Beispiel-Wiki-LOD2-FallB.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="333">
 +
[[image:Geometrie-Beispiel-Wiki-LOD2-FallB.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="333">
 +
[[image:Geometrie-Beispiel-Wiki-LOD1-gedreht.png|300px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="333">
 +
[[image:Geometrie-Beispiel-Wiki-LOD2-gedreht-FallB.png|300px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="333">
 +
[[image:Geometrie-Beispiel-Wiki-LOD2-gedreht-FallC.png|300px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
    <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Figure A
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
Figure B
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
Figure C
 +
    </td> 
 +
 +
      </tr>
 +
  </table>
  
 +
; ''bldg:boundedBy'' (LoD2, LoD3)
 +
: Relation to boundary surfaces ([[#Wandflächen|wall surfaces]], [[#Dachflächen|roof surfaces]], [[#Grundflächen|ground surfaces]], [[#Äußere_Deckenflächen|outer ceiling surfaces]], [[#Äußere_Bodenflächen|outer floor surfaces]] and [[#Virtuelle_Begrenzungsflächen|closure surfaces]])
  
−
===== Geometrie =====
+
'''''gml:MultiSurface''''' ''' <span style="color:#FF0000">(not recommended)</span>'''
  
 +
'''''gml:MultiCurve''''' '''<span style="color:#FF0000">(not recommended)</span>'''
 +
 +
===== <span id="BuildingAttribute">Attributes</span> =====
 +
Since the building part is derived from the building, all attributes of the building are also available for the building part (see also [[#BuildingAttribute|Building Attribute]]).
 +
 +
'''Exception:''' ''bldg:consistsOfBuildingPart''
 +
 +
===== Examples =====
 +
<table width="1000px"  border="0" cellspacing="0">
 +
  <tr align="left">
 +
    <td>
 +
'''Office with factory hall'''
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="left">
 +
    <td width="500px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Buero-Werkshalle-01.png|450px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="500px" valign="bottom">
 +
 +
    </td>
 +
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="left">
 +
    <td>
 +
"structurally distinct" building parts → "Office" as function of BuildingPart 1 ; "Factory Hall" as function of BuildingPart 2
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
 +
 +
<table width="1000px"  border="0" cellspacing="0">
 +
  <tr align="left">
 +
    <td>
 +
'''Detached house with staggered shed roof'''
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
'''House with a projecting floor'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="left">
 +
    <td width="500px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:FJK-Haus-BuildingParts.png|450px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="500px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:FJK-Haus-BuildingParts-03.png|450px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="left">
 +
    <td>
 +
No "structurally distinct" building parts → roofType "staggered shed roof"
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
No "structurally distinct" building parts; 1 building part not "connected to ground"
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
 +
 +
'''Examples with overarching building parts'''
 +
 +
Variante 1
 +
[[image:Variante-01-V2-red.png|450px]]
 +
 +
'''Variante 2'''
 +
[[image:Variante-02-V1-red.png|450px]]
 +
 +
Variante 3
 +
[[image:Variante-03-V2-red.png|450px]]
 +
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
 +
==== <span id="BuildingInstallation">Building Installations (''bldg:BuildingInstallation'')</span> ====
 +
 +
 +
===== Definition =====
 +
'''SIG3D:''' Permanently installed parts of the buildings outer shell which are accessory for the building structure including loggia, dormer, etc. Doors and windows are modeled by the corresponding CityGML classes.
 +
 +
===== CityGML Feature =====
 +
 +
*'''LOD1:''' not available
 +
*'''LOD2:''' ''bldg:BuildingInstallation''
 +
*'''LOD3:''' ''bldg:BuildingInstallation''
 +
 +
===== <span id="BuildingInstallation/Geometry"> Geometry</span> =====
 +
;'''''gml:Geometry'''''
 +
:'''''gml:Geometry''''' allows '''points''', '''lines''', '''areas''', '''volumes''' as well as any combination of these elements.
 +
:The use of points is '''<span style="color:#FF0000">not recommended</span>'''. <br />
 +
:The use of lines is only '''<span style="color:#0000FF">recommenced under certain circumstances</span>''', because not all applications are able to process this geometry.
 +
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:Haus-mit-Antenne-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:Haus-mit-SolarPanel-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:Haus-mit-Kamin-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
Lines (e.g. Antenna)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
Surfaces (e.g. Solar Panel)
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
Volumes (e.g. Chimney)
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</table>
 +
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:Haus-mit-SatellitenAntenne-V2.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:LoD2-Haus-Treppe-V2-MultiGeo-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:Haus-mit-Balkon-V2.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
Lines and surfaces (e.g. satellite dish)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
Lines and surfaces resp. surfaces and volumes (e.g. stair and porch)
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
Lines, surfaces und volumes (e.g. balcony)
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</table>
 +
 +
; ''bldg:boundedBy'' (LoD2, LoD3)
 +
: Relation to boundary surfaces ([[#Wandflächen|wall surfaces]], [[#Dachflächen|roof surfaces]], [[#Grundflächen|ground surfaces]], [[#Äußere_Deckenflächen|outer ceiling surfaces]], [[#Äußere_Bodenflächen|outer floor surfaces]] and [[#Virtuelle_Begrenzungsflächen|closure surfaces]]) → see also [[#ErweiterteModellierung|Extended Modeling]]
 +
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:LoD2-Haus-Turm-Solid-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:LoD2-Haus-Turm-BoundeBy-V1.png|350px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:LoD2-Haus-Turm-Solid-V1-explode.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:LoD2-Haus-Turm-BoundeBy-V1-explode.png|350px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
<tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
Building with a small ridge turret (modeled as a building installation with geometry)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="400">
 +
Building with a tower (modeled as a building installation with boundary surfaces)
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</table>
 +
 +
===== <span id="BuildingInstallation/Attributes">Attributes</span> =====
 +
; ''gml:id'' <span style="color:#008000">(mandatory)</span>
 +
: from GML version 3.2 onwards an id is mandatory
 +
; ''bldg:class'' (LoD2, LoD3) <span style="color:#FF0000">(not recommended)</span>
 +
:The attribute ''bldg:class'' allows an unspecified classification of the building installation; no suggestion from the SIG3D;
 +
; ''bldg:function'' (LoD2, LoD3) <span style="color:#00FF00">(recommended)</span>
 +
:The 'function' of a building installation is the predominantly functional significance of the building installation at the date of data collection ( principle of dominance ); see also in the SIG3D code lists.
 +
; ''bldg:usage'' (LoD2, LoD3) <span style="color:#FF0000">(not recommended)</span>
 +
:no suggestion from the SIG3D;
 +
; ''bldg:lodXGeometry'' (LoD2, LoD3)
 +
:LoDX geometry of the building installation;
 +
 +
===== <span id="BuildingInstallation/Examples">Examples</span> =====
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:LoD2-Haus-Turm-Solid-LOD1-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:LoD2-Haus-Turm-Solid-LOD2-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:LoD2-Haus-Turm-Solid-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
LoD1: no building installation
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
LoD2: simplified building installation
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
LoD3: detailed building installation
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</table>
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:LoD2-Haus-Turm-BoundeBy-LOD1-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:LoD2-Haus-Turm-BoundeBy-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:LoD2-Haus-Turm-BoundeBy-LOD3-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
LoD1: no building installation
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
LoD2: simplified building installation
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
LoD3: detailed building installation
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</table>
 +
 +
 +
------
 +
------
 +
 +
==== <span id="GroundSurfaces">Ground Surfaces (''bldg:GroundSurface'')</span> ====
 +
 +
 +
===== Definition =====
 +
'''SIG3D:''' Exterior, lower boundary surface of a building, building part or building installation against soil or water ( e.g. foundation ).
 +
 +
===== CityGML Feature =====
 +
 +
*'''LoD1:''' not available
 +
*'''LoD2:''' ''bldg:GroundSurface''
 +
*'''LoD3:''' ''bldg:GroundSurface''
 +
 +
===== Geometry =====
 +
;'''''gml:MultiSurface'''''
 +
:see also [[Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1: Basics (Rules for Validating GML Geometries in CityGML)#gml:Solid|Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1]]
 +
* A '''ground surface''' consists only of surfaces which are '''visible from the outside''' of the building, building part or building installation.
 +
 +
[[image:GroundSurface-Flaech-Volumen.png|600px]]
 +
 +
* The '''elevation''' of the ground surface depends on the availability of data:
 +
** If there is information available about cellars, the elevation of the ground surface is set to the lower edge of the floor of the cellar ('''Figure A''');
 +
** If the ground surface of the building, building part or building installation is generated by an intersection with the terrain, the elevation of the (horizontal) ground surface is set to the lowest absolute height of the corresponding terrain intersection line ('''Figure B''');
 +
** It is <span style="color:#FF0000">not recommeded</span> to generate the ground surface of the building, building part or building installation directly from an intersection with the terrain ('''Figure C''');
 +
 +
<!-- erste Reihe von Beispielen -->
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:GroundSurface-Skizze-5-V2.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:GroundSurface-Skizze-6-V2.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:GroundSurface-Skizze-7-V2.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Figure A
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
Figure B
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
Figure C
 +
    </td>
 +
      </tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
  
 
===== Attribute =====
 
===== Attribute =====
 +
;''bldg:lod2MultiSurface''
 +
:points to the LoD2 surface geometry of the base area
 +
;''bldg:lod3MultiSurface''
 +
:points to the LoD3 surface geometry of the base area
 +
;''bldg:opening'' <span style="color:#FF0000">not recommended</span>
 +
:points to a CityGML feature ''bldg:Opening'' ( ''bldg:Door'' ( see [[#Doors|doors]] ) or ''bldg:Window'' ( see [[#Windows|windows]] ) )
 +
 +
===== Examples =====
 +
<!-- erste Reihe von Beispielen -->
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:GroundSurface-0-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:GroundSurface-1-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:GroundSurface-2-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:GroundSurface-3-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Building without cellar and one floor slab
 +
(One bldg:GroundSurface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
Building with cellar and one floor slab
 +
(One bldg:GroundSurface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
Building with partial cellar and two different floor slabs
 +
(Two bldg:GroundSurface)
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
Building with cellar and ramp
 +
(Two bldg:GroundSurface)
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
 +
 +
 +
<!-- zweite Reihe von Beispielen -->
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:GroundSurface-5-V2.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="253">
 +
[[image:GroundSurface-6-V2.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:GroundSurface-7-V2.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Building with ground surface at lower edge of floor cellar
 +
(One bldg:GroundSurface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
Building with ground surface at lowest absolute height of the corresponding terrain intersection line
 +
(One bldg:GroundSurface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
Building with ground surface based on intersection with the terrain
 +
(One bldg:GroundSurface) <span style="color:#FF0000">not recommended</span>
 +
 +
    </td> 
 +
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
 +
==== <span id="WallSurfaces">Wall Surfaces (''bldg:WallSurface'')</span> ====
 +
 +
 +
===== Definition =====
 +
'''SIG3D:''' A wall surface is an exterior, lateral boundary surface of a building, building part or building installation.
 +
 +
'''ISO:''' A wall is a vertical construction that bounds or subdivides a space and usually fulfils a loadbearing or retaining function.
 +
 +
The normals of the wall surfaces should generally lie in the horizontal ( up to 45 degrees ).
 +
 +
===== CityGML Feature =====
 +
* '''LoD1:''' not available
 +
* '''LoD2:''' ''bldg:WallSurface''
 +
* '''LoD3:''' ''bldg:WallSurface''
 +
 +
===== Geometry =====
 +
;'''''gml:MultiSurface'''''
 +
:see also [[Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1: Basics (Rules for Validating GML Geometries in CityGML)#gml:MultiSurface|Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1]]
 +
* A '''wall surface''' surface consists only of surfaces which are '''visible from the outside''' of the building, building part or building installation.
 +
 +
[[image:WallSurface-Flaechen-Volumen.png|600px]]
 +
 +
* '''Wall projections''', which do not limit the volume of the building will be modeled according to the rules for
 +
'''[[#AuskragendeBauelemente|Cantilevered building elements]]'''.
 +
<!-- -->
 +
<!--Um die Einrückung der Liste zu gewährleisten, muss die Tabelle in einer Zeile steht, d.h. ohne Umbrüche -->
 +
<!-- -->
 +
* A '''wall surface''' ''must'' consist of '''several surfaces ( SurfaceMember )''' if :
 +
** a wall surfaces has different '''colors''' or '''textures'''<table border="0" cellspacing="6"><tr align="left" valign="top"><td width="300">[[image:WallSurface-mit-Farben-V1.png|300px]]</td><td width="300">[[image:WallSurface-mit-Texturen-V1.png|300px]]</td><tr align="left" valign="top"><td>4 wall surfaces with 3 areas each (1 area in "orange"; 2 areas in "beige")(4 bldg:WallSurface)</td><td>4 wall surfaces with 2 areas each (1 area with texture "plaster"; 1 area with texture  "sandstone") (4 bldg:WallSurface)</td></table>
 +
** a wall surface is '''nonplanar'''<table  border="0" cellspacing="6"><tr align="left" valign="top"><td width="300">[[image:WallSurface-Rund-V1.png|300px]]</td><td width="300">[[image:WallSurface-Laibungen-V1.png|300px]]</td><tr align="left" valign="top"><td>5 wall surfaces; 4 wall surfaces with 1 surface each and 1 wall surface (circular wall) with 6 surfaces (4 bldg:WallSurface)</td><td>Front wall as 1 wall surface consisting of 4 surfaces (revealing areas); right wall as 1 wall surface consisting of 13 surfaces (12 revealing areas)</td></table>
 +
* A '''wall surface''' ''might'' consist of '''several surfaces ( SurfaceMember )''' if :
 +
** it is intended to indicate a '''storey structure'''<table  border="0" cellspacing="6"><tr align="left" valign="top"><td width="300">[[image:WallSurface-ohne-Stockwerke-V1.png|300px]]</td><td width="300">[[image:WallSurface-mit-Stockwerke-V1.png|300px]]</td><tr align="left" valign="top"><td>4 wall surfaces with 1 surface each (4 bldg:WallSurface)</td><td>4 wall surfaces with 3 surfaces each (ground floor, upper floor and top floor) (4 bldg:WallSurface)</td></table>
 +
 +
===== Attributes =====
 +
;''bldg:lod2MultiSurface''
 +
:points to the LoD2 surface geometry of the wall
 +
;''bldg:lod3MultiSurface''
 +
:points to the LoD3 surface geometry of the wall
 +
;''bldg:opening''
 +
:points to a CityGML feature ''bldg:Opening'' ( ''bldg:Door'' ( see [[#Doors|doors]] ) or ''bldg:Window'' ( see [[#Windows|windows]] ) )
  
 +
===== Examples =====
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:WallSurface-0-V2.png|250px|link=WallSurface-0-Animation]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:WallSurface-1-V2.png|250px|link=WallSurface-1-Animation]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:WallSurface-2-V2.png|250px|link=WallSurface-2-Animation]]
 +
    </td>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
A wall surface with 4 surfaces
 +
(1 bldg:WallSurface)
 +
<span style="color:#FF0000">not recommended</span>
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
4 wall surfaces with 1 surface each
 +
(4 bldg:WallSurface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
4 wall surfaces (3 planar walls with 1 surface each and 1 circular wall with 12 surfaces)
 +
(4 bldg:WallSurface)
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
  
−
==== Grundflächen (GroundSurface) ====
+
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:WallSurface-3-V2.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:WallSurface-4-V2.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
1 wall surface with elliptic or circular layout
 +
(1 bldg:WallSurface)
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
5 wall surfaces by staggered facades
 +
(5 bldg:WallSurface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
</table>
 +
-----
 +
-----
  
 +
==== <span id="RoofSurfaces">Roof Surfaces (''bldg:RoofSurface'')</span> ====
  
 
===== Definition =====
 
===== Definition =====
 +
'''SIG3D:''' A roof surface is a exterior, upper boundary surface of a building, building part or building installation, whose primary function is to protect from the effects of weather.
 +
'''ISO:''' A roof is a construction that encloses a building from above
 +
 +
The normals of a roof should generally lie in the vertical.
 +
 +
===== CityGML Feature =====
 +
* '''LoD1:''' not available
 +
* '''LoD2:''' ''bldg:RoofSurface''
 +
* '''LoD3:''' ''bldg:RoofSurface''
 +
 +
===== Geometry =====
 +
;'''''gml:MultiSurface'''''
 +
:see also [[Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1: Basics (Rules for Validating GML Geometries in CityGML)#gml:MultiSurface|Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1]]
 +
* A '''roof surface''' surface consists only of surfaces which are '''visible from the outside''' of the building, building part or building installation.
 +
 +
[[image:RoofSurface-Flaechen-Volumen.png|600px]]
  
 +
* '''Roof projections''', which do not limit the volume of the building will be modeled according to the rules for '''[[#AuskragendeBauelemente|cantilevered building elements]]'''.
  
−
===== Geometrie =====
+
===== Attributes =====
 +
;''bldg:lod2MultiSurface''
 +
:points to the LoD2 surface geometry of the roof
 +
;''bldg:lod3MultiSurface''
 +
:points to the LoD3 surface geometry of the roof
 +
;''bldg:opening''
 +
:points to a CityGML feature ''bldg:Opening'' ( ''bldg:Door'' ( see [[#Doors|doors]] ) or ''bldg:Window'' ( see [[#windows|windows]] ) )
  
 +
===== Examples =====
 +
<!-- Erste Reihe der Beispiel  -->
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Gable Roof'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Gable Roof'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Mixed Roof'''
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Tent Roof'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:RoofSurface-0-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:RoofSurface-1-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:RoofSurface-2-V1.png|220px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:RoofSurface-3-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
1 roof surface with 2 surfaces
 +
(1 bldg:RoofSurface) <span style="color:#FF0000">not recommended</span>
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
2 roof surfaces with 1 surface each
 +
(2 bldg:RoofSurface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
3 roof surfaces ( 2 planar roof surfaces with 1 surface each and 1 conical roof area with 12 surfaces )
 +
(3 bldg:RoofSurface)
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
1 conical roof area with 24 surfaces
 +
(1 bldg:RoofSurface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
  
−
===== Attribute =====
+
<!-- Zweite Reihe der Beispiel  -->
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Jerkinhead Roof'''
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Gambrel Roof'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Arch Roof'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Dome Roof'''
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:RoofSurface-4-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:RoofSurface-5-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:RoofSurface-6-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:RoofSurface-8-V1.png|220px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
4 roof surfaces
 +
(4 bldg:RoofSurface)
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
4 roof surfaces
 +
(4 bldg:RoofSurface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
1 roof surface with 12 surfaces
 +
(1 bldg:RoofSurface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
1 roof surface with 264 surfaces
 +
(1 bldg:RoofSurface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
 +
<!-- Dritte Reihe der Beispiel  -->
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Shed Roof I'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Shed Roof II'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
 +
    </td>
  
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:RoofSurface-9-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:RoofSurface-10-V1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
 +
    </td> 
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
5 roof surfaces
 +
(5 bldg:RoofSurface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
10 roof surfaces
 +
(10 bldg:RoofSurface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
  
−
==== Wände (WallSurface) ====
+
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
 +
-----
 +
-----
  
 +
==== <span id="OuterFloorSurfaces">Outer Floor Surfaces(''bldg:OuterFloorSurface'')</span> ====
  
 
===== Definition =====
 
===== Definition =====
 +
'''SIG3D:''' Exterior, upper boundary surface of a building, building part or building installation which is not a roof.
 +
 +
The normals of an outer floor surface should generally be vertical directed upwards.
 +
 +
===== CityGML Feature =====
 +
* '''LoD1:''' not available
 +
* '''LoD2:''' ''bldg:OuterFloorSurface''
 +
* '''LoD3:''' ''bldg:OuterFloorSurface''
  
 +
===== Geometry =====
 +
;'''''gml:MultiSurface'''''
 +
:see also [[Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1: Basics (Rules for Validating GML Geometries in CityGML)#gml:MultiSurface|Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1]]
 +
* An outer floor surface consists only of surfaces which are '''visible from the outside''' of the building, building part or building installation.
  
−
===== Geometrie =====
+
<!-- erste Reihe von Beispielen -->
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="400">
 +
[[image:OuterFloorSurface-Uebersicht.png|300px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="600">
 +
[[image:OuterFloorSurface-Flaechen-Volumen.png|600px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
</table>
  
 +
===== Attributes =====
 +
;''bldg:lod2MultiSurface''
 +
:points to the LoD2 surface geometry
 +
;''bldg:lod3MultiSurface''
 +
:points to the LoD3 surface geometry
 +
;''bldg:opening''
 +
:points to a CityGML feature ''bldg:Opening'' ( ''bldg:Door'' ( see [[#Doors|doors]] ) or ''bldg:Window'' ( see [[#windows|windows]] ) )
  
−
===== Attribute =====
+
===== Examples =====
 +
 
 +
<!-- Erste Reihe der Beispiel  -->
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Roof terrace'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Loggia'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Roof terrace'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:OuterFloorSurface-01-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:OuterFloorSurface-02-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:OuterFloorSurface-03-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
1 OuterFloorSurface
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
1 OuterFloorSurface
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
1 OuterFloorSurface
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
  
 +
-----
 +
-----
  
−
==== Dächer (RoofSurface) ====
+
==== <span id="OuterCeilingSurface">Outer Ceiling Surface(''bldg:OuterCeilingSurface'')</span> ====
  
 
===== Definition =====
 
===== Definition =====
 +
'''SIG3D:''' Exterior, lower boundary surface of a building, building part or building installation against air.
 +
 +
The normals of an outer ceiling surface should generally be vertical directed downwards.
  
 +
===== CityGML Feature =====
 +
* '''LoD1:''' not available
 +
* '''LoD2:''' ''bldg:OuterCeilingSurface''
 +
* '''LoD3:''' ''bldg:OuterCeilingSurface''
  
−
===== Geometrie =====
+
===== Geometry =====
 +
;'''''gml:MultiSurface'''''
 +
:see also [[Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1: Basics (Rules for Validating GML Geometries in CityGML)#gml:MultiSurface|Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1]]
 +
* An '''outer ceiling surface''' consists only of surfaces which are '''visible from the outside''' of the building, building part or building installation.
  
 +
<!-- erste Reihe von Beispielen -->
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="400">
 +
[[image:OuterFloorSurface-Uebersicht.png|300px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="600">
 +
[[image:OuterCeilingSurface-Flaechen-Volumen.png|600px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
</table>
  
−
===== Attribute =====
+
===== Attributes =====
 +
;''bldg:lod2MultiSurface''
 +
:points to the LoD2 surface geometry
 +
;''bldg:lod3MultiSurface''
 +
:points to the LoD3 surface geometry
 +
;''bldg:opening''
 +
:points to a CityGML feature ''bldg:Opening'' ( ''bldg:Door'' ( see [[#Doors|doors]] ) or ''bldg:Window'' ( see [[#windows|windows]] ) )
 +
 
 +
===== Examples =====
  
 +
<!-- Erste Reihe der Beispiel  -->
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Passage'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Loggia'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Cantilevered floor'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:OuterCeilingSurface-02-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:OuterCeilingSurface-01-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:OuterCeilingSurface-03-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
1 OuterCeilingSurface
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
1 OuterCeilingSurface
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
1 OuterCeilingSurface
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
  
 +
-----
 +
-----
  
−
==== Äußere Böden (OuterFloorSurface) ====
+
==== <span id="VitualBoundarySurface">Virtual Boundary Surface (''bldg:ClosureSurface'')</span>====
  
 
===== Definition =====
 
===== Definition =====
 +
'''SIG3D:''' Exterior or interior boundary surface providing virtual boundaries, typically used to seal holes in volumetric objects.
  
 +
===== CityGML Feature =====
 +
* '''LoD1:''' not available
 +
* '''LoD2:''' ''bldg:ClosureSurface''
 +
* '''LoD3:''' ''bldg:ClosureSurface''
  
−
===== Geometrie =====
+
===== Geometry =====
 +
;'''''gml:MultiSurface'''''
 +
:see also [[Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1: Basics (Rules for Validating GML Geometries in CityGML)#gml:MultiSurface|Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1]]
 +
* A '''closure surface''' consists only of virtual  ( imaginary ) surfaces which are '''visible from the outside''' of the building, building part or building installation.
  
 +
===== Attributes =====
 +
;''bldg:lod2MultiSurface''
 +
:points to the LoD2 surface geometry
 +
;''bldg:lod3MultiSurface''
 +
:points to the LoD3 surface geometry
 +
;''bldg:opening'' <span style="color:#FF0000">not recommended</span>
 +
:points to a CityGML feature ''bldg:Opening'' ( ''bldg:Door'' ( see [[#Doors|doors]] ) or ''bldg:Window'' ( see [[#windows|windows]] ) )
  
−
===== Attribute =====
+
===== Examples =====
  
 +
<!-- Erste Reihe der Beispiel  -->
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Open barn'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Railway platform hall'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Parking garage'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:ClosureSurface-01-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:ClosureSurface-03-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="300">
 +
[[image:ClosureSurface-02-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
1 ClosureSurface
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
2 ClosureSurface
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
28 ClosureSurface
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
  
 +
-----
 +
-----
  
−
==== Äußere Decken (OuterCeilingSurface) ====
+
==== <span id="Doors">Doors (''bldg:Door'')</span> ====
  
 
===== Definition =====
 
===== Definition =====
 +
'''ISO 6707-1:''' Construction for closing an opening intended primarily for access or egress or both.
 +
 +
===== CityGML Feature =====
 +
* '''LoD1:''' not available
 +
* '''LoD2:''' not available
 +
* '''LoD3:''' ''bldg:Door''
 +
 +
===== Geometry =====
 +
;'''''gml:MultiSurface'''''
 +
:see also [[Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1: Basics (Rules for Validating GML Geometries in CityGML)#gml:MultiSurface|Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1]]
 +
 +
* A '''door''' consists only of surfaces which are either '''visible from the outside''' of the building, building part or building installation ( case A, B or C ) or consists of '''solids''' ( case D ).
  
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:TerrassenTuer-Detail-0.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:TerrassenTuer-Detail-0-Texture.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:TerrassenTuer-Detail-1-Flaeche.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:TerrassenTuer-Detail-1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
[[image:TerrassenTuer-Schnitt-Detail-0.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
[[image:TerrassenTuer-Schnitt-Detail-0-Texture.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
[[image:TerrassenTuer-Schnitt-Detail-1-Flaeche.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
[[image:TerrassenTuer-Schnitt-Detail-1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
'''Case A''' (Door as a simple surface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
'''Case B''' (Door as a textured surface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
'''Case C''' (Door modeled in detail with surfaces only visible from the outside)
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
'''Case D''' (Door as a solid)
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
  
−
===== Geometrie =====
+
* In order to ensure a closed outer shell of the building, the doors should '''not''' be modeled '''in an opened state''' ( case A ) but '''in closed condition''' ( case B ).
  
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="500">
 +
[[image:Tuer-offen-red-v1.png|500px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="500">
 +
[[image:Tuer-zu-red-v1.png|500px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
<tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
'''Case A''' (Doors opened)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
'''Case B''' (Doors closed)
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
  
−
===== Attribute =====
+
===== Attributes =====
 +
;''bldg:lod3MultiSurface''
 +
:points to the LoD3 surface geometry
 +
;''bldg:address''
 +
:points to the address of the door
 +
 
 +
===== Examples =====
  
 +
<!-- Erste Reihe der Beispiel  -->
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Simple Doors'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Simple Doors with Embrasure'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Doors modeled in detail'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:Beispiel-Tueren-GanzEinfach-Red-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:Beispiel-Tueren-Einfach-Red-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:Beispiel-Tueren-Komplex-Red-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Number of Polygons (Complete Model) = 19
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
Number of Polygons (Complete Model) = 128
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
Number of Polygons (Complete Model) = 3498
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
  
 +
----
 +
----
  
−
==== Türen ====
+
==== <span id="Windows">Windows (''bldg:Window'')</span> ====
  
 
===== Definition =====
 
===== Definition =====
 +
'''SIG3D:''' Construction for closing an opening in a wall  or roof, primarily intended to admit light and / or provide ventilation (cf. ISO  6707).
 +
 +
===== CityGML Feature =====
 +
* '''LoD1:''' not available
 +
* '''LoD2:''' not available
 +
* '''LoD3:''' ''bldg:Window''
 +
 +
===== Geometry =====
 +
;'''''gml:MultiSurface'''''
 +
:see also [[Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1: Basics (Rules for Validating GML Geometries in CityGML)#gml:MultiSurface|Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1]]
 +
 +
* A '''window''' consists only of surfaces which are either '''visible from the outside''' of the building, building part or building installation ( case A, B or C ) or consists of '''solids''' ( case D ).
 +
  
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:RechteckFenster-Detail-0.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:RechteckFenster-Detail-0-Texture.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:RechteckFenster-Detail-1-Flaeche.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:RechteckFenster-Detail-1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
[[image:RechteckFenster-Schnitt-Detail-0.png|250px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
[[image:RechteckFenster-Schnitt-Detail-0-Texture.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
[[image:RechteckFenster-Schnitt-Detail-1-Flaeche.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
[[image:RechteckFenster-Schnitt-Detail-1.png|250px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
'''Case A''' (Window as a simple surface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
'''Case B''' (Window as a textured surface)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
'''Case C''' (Window modeled in detail with surfaces only visible from the outside)
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
'''Case D''' (Window as a solid)
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
  
−
===== Geometrie =====
+
* In order to ensure a closed outer shell of the building, the windows should '''not''' be modeled '''in an opened state''' ( case A ) but '''in closed condition''' ( case B ).
  
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="500">
 +
[[image:Fenster-offen-red-v1.png|500px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="500">
 +
[[image:Fenster-geschlossen-red-v1.png|500px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
<tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
'''Case A''' (Windows opened)
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
'''Case B''' (Windows closed)
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
  
−
===== Attribute =====
+
===== Attributes =====
 +
;''bldg:lod3MultiSurface''
 +
:points to the LoD3 surface geometry
 +
 
 +
===== Examples =====
 +
<!-- Erste Reihe der Beispiel  -->
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Simple windows'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Simple windows with embrasure'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
'''Windows modeled in detail'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:Beispiel-Fenster-GanzEinfach-Red-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:Beispiel-Fenster-Einfach-Red-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="250">
 +
[[image:Beispiel-Fenster-Komplex-Red-V1.png|300px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Number of Polygons (Complete Model) = 28
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
Number of Polygons (Complete Model) = 412
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
Number of Polygons (Complete Model) = 6269
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
  
 +
----
 +
----
  
 +
=== <span id ="ExtendedModeling">Extended Modeling</span> ===
 +
The Extended Modeling covers the modeling of frequently appearing '''architectural building components''' which significantly form the building's outer appearence. These building components are modeled as '''building installations''' as a general rule.
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
==== <span id="Balconies">Balconies</span> ====
  
−
==== Fenster ====
 
  
 
===== Definition =====
 
===== Definition =====
 +
'''SIG3D:''' A '''Balcony''' is a platform attached to a building which lies above the terrain level and projects from the building structure.
 +
It is supported by columns or console brackets, and enclosed with a balustrade [cit. en. Wikipedia]. The word's origin lies in the Italian word "balcone", which itself originates from the old-high-german word "balcho".
 +
 +
===== CityGML Feature =====
 +
* '''LOD1:''' not available
 +
* '''LOD2:''' ''bldg:BuildingInstallation''
 +
* '''LOD3:''' ''bldg:BuildingInstallation''
 +
 +
===== Geometry =====
 +
 +
*'''''gml:Geometry'' <span style="color:#00FF00">recommended</span>'''
 +
** '''Threshold LOD2:'''
 +
*** Modeling only, if the balcony's depth >= 0.5 m;
 +
**** Plane ground-area, if the component's thickness <= 0.5 m;
 +
**** Plane side-walls, if the component's thickness <= 0.5 m;
 +
** '''Threshold LOD3:'''
 +
*** Modeling only, if the balcony's depth >= 0.2 m;
 +
**** Plane ground-Area, if the component's thickness <= 0.2 m;
 +
**** Plane side-walls, if the component's thickness <= 0.2 m;
 +
** '''Modeling principle'''
 +
*** The building contains all geometry-containing border surfaces.
 +
*** The balcony is modeled as a '''Building Installation with Geometry'''. That is without semantic differentiation.
 +
*** The building's volume references (Xlink) to the corresponding boarder surfaces.
 +
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="600">
 +
[[image:Balkon-Prinzip.png|600px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="center" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Modeling principle of a balcony</td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
 +
 +
*'''''bldg:boundedBy'' <span style="color:#FF0000">not recommended</span>'''
 +
 +
===== Attributes =====
 +
;''bldg:function''
 +
:Balcony'' (1000); see SIG 3D Codelistrecommendation for [http://www.sig3d.org/codelists/Handbuch-SIG3D/building/2.0/CL-V1.0/BuildingInstallation_function.xml ''bldg:BuildingInstallation --> function'' ]
 +
;''bldg:boundedBy''
 +
:<span style="color:#FF0000">'''not recommended:'''</span> A Balcony is considered as '''one''' building component which is semantically not subdivided any further.
 +
 +
===== Examples =====
 +
 +
<table width="1200px"  border="1" cellspacing="0" >
 +
<!-- Ueberschrift --------------------------------------------------->
 +
  <tr align="left">
 +
    <td colspan="6">
 +
'''Balconies'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    </tr>
 +
<!-- Spaltenbschriftungen ------------------------------------------->
 +
  <tr align="middle" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Real Building
 +
    </td>
 +
<!--    <td>
 +
ALKIS (German Cadastral Data)
 +
    </td>-->
 +
    <td>
 +
CityGML LOD0
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
CityGML LOD1
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
CityGML LOD2
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
CityGML LOD3
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 1 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
  <tr align="middle">
 +
  <td rowspan="2" width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[[image:KHH-3-Balkone-01-red.JPG|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
<!--    <td rowspan="2" width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[[image:KHH-3-Balkone-01-ALKIS.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[[image:KHH-3-Balkone-01-LOD0.png|200px]] 
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[[image:KHH-3-Balkone-01-LOD1.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[[image:KHH-3-Balkone-01-LOD2.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[[image:KHH-3-Balkone-01-LOD3.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 2 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
  <tr align="middle">
 +
      <td width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/6/6e/KHH-3-Balkone-LOD0-V01.gml CityGML download]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/c/ce/KHH-3-Balkone-LOD1-V01.gml CityGML download]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/a/ac/KHH-3-Balkone-LOD2-V01.gml CityGML download]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/d/d0/KHH-3-Balkone-LOD3-V01.gml CityGML download]
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
<!-- Zeile 3 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
  <tr align="left">
 +
  <td colspan="6">
 +
Above terrain level, projected from the building structure --> Balcony
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</table>
 +
 +
 +
<table width="1200px"  border="1" cellspacing="0">
 +
<!-- Zeile 1 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
  <tr align="middle">
 +
  <td rowspan="2" width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[[image:Eckbalkon-03-red.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
<!--    <td rowspan="2" width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[[image:Eckbalkon-Alkis.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[[image:Eckbalkon-LOD0-01.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[[image:Eckbalkon-LOD1-01.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[[image:Eckbalkon-LOD2-01.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[[image:Eckbalkon-LOD3-02.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- Zeile 2 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
  <tr align="middle">
 +
        <td width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/9/96/Eckbalkon-LOD0-V01.gml CityGML download]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/4/4a/Eckbalkon-LOD1-V01.gml CityGML download]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/7/77/Eckbalkon-LOD2-V01.gml CityGML download]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="top">
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/5/56/Eckbalkon-LOD3-V01.gml CityGML download]
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- Zeile 3 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
</tr>
 +
  <tr align="left">
 +
  <td colspan="6">
 +
Above terrain level, partly projected from the building structure, not bounded by 3 walls --> Balcony (no Loggia)
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</table>
 +
 +
-----
 +
-----
 +
 +
<!----------------Kommentiert am 14.01.2013 soll nicht in die Version2.0--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 +
<table width="1200px"  border="1" cellspacing="0">
 +
<tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
−
===== Geometrie =====
+
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Ueberdachung-LOD1-Variante-1-V1.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD2_Z20-KHH-V3-Variante-2.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
  
−
===== Attribute =====
 
  
 +
</table>
 +
--------->
 +
<!------------
 +
===== Beispiele =====
  
 +
<table width="806px"  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
[[image:LOD2_Z20-KHH-V3.png|400px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
[[image:LOD2_Z20-KHH-V3-Variante-2.png|400px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Einfacher Balkon
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
Eckbalkon
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/6/62/Balkon-Beispiel-1.gml Beispiel herunterladen]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
Beispiel herunterladen
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
  
−
=== Balkone ===
 
  
 +
</table>
  
−
==== Definition ====
+
siehe auch [[#Söller/Altane|Söller/Altane]]
−
'''Wikipedia:''' Ein Balkon [balˈkɔŋ, auch, süddt./österr. nur: bal'ko:n, schweiz. 'balko:n oder 'bau̯ko:n; Plural: Balkone, norddt. Balkons] ist eine Plattform an einem Gebäude, die über dem Geländeniveau liegt und aus dem Baukörper hinausragt. Ein Balkon wird von einer Brüstung oder einem Geländer eingefasst. Das Wort geht auf das italienische Wort balcone zurück, dieses seinerseits auf das althochdeutsche (möglicherweise durch die Langobarden vermittelte) Wort balko „Balken“.
+
------->
  
−
==== Geometrie ====
+
==== Loggias ====
  
  
−
==== Attribute ====
+
===== Definition =====
 +
'''SIG3D:''' A '''Loggia''' is an enclosed on top exterior room within the building footprint, which is surrounded by '''3''' walls at full storey height. From an architectonical point of view, a '''Loggia''' (from the Italian) is a room within a building, which opens to the exterior area by means of archs or other constructional appliances. At ground floor level, Loggias create a passage between the interior area and the exterior area. At upper floor levels, Loggias are used as connection passages or as outdoor seating.
  
 +
===== CityGML Feature =====
 +
* '''LOD1:''' not available
 +
* '''LOD2:''' ''bldg:BuildingInstallation''
 +
* '''LOD3:''' ''bldg:BuildingInstallation''
  
−
=== Loggien ===
+
===== Geometry =====
 +
*'''''gml:Geometry'' <span style="color:#FF0000">not recommended</span>'''
  
 +
*'''''bldg:boundedBy'' <span style="color:#00FF00">recommended</span>'''
 +
** '''Threshold LOD2:'''
 +
*** Modeling only, if the Loggia's depth >= 0.5 m;
 +
** '''Threshold LOD3:'''
 +
*** Modeling only, if the Loggia's depth >= 0.2 m;
 +
** '''Modeling Principle'''
 +
*** The building contains all geometry-containing boundary surfaces
  
−
==== Definition ====
+
*** The Loggia (BuildingInstallation) '''references (Xlink)''' to the building's corresponding boundary surfaces. If the Loggia's floor is not part of the exterior building structure, it will be modeled as boundary surface at the building installation.
−
'''Wikipedia:''' Als Loggia (aus dem Italienischen) wird in der Architektur ein Raum in einem Gebäude bezeichnet, der sich mittels Bögen oder anderer Konstruktionen zum Außenraum öffnet. Auf der Erdgeschossebene schaffen Loggien einen Übergangsbereich zwischen Außen- und Innenraum, im Obergeschoss werden sie als Verbindungsgang oder Freisitz genutzt.
+
*** The building's volume references (Xlink) to the building's corresponding boundary surfaces.
  
−
==== Geometrie ====
+
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="600">
 +
[[image:Loggia-Prinzip-v2.png|600px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="center" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Modeling Principle of a Loggia</td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
 +
<!------------
 +
1. Preconditions(LOD2, LOD3):
  
 +
Only presentable, if the height data for both the floor surface's and ceiling's position are available for the Loggia.
  
−
==== Attribute ====
+
2. Modeling (LOD2, LOD3):
 +
  Modeling as BuildingInstallation, containing floor surface, wall surfaces and ceiling of the Loggia.
 +
  Modellierung als BuildingInstallation mit Grundfläche, Seitenflächen und Decke der Loggia.
 +
  In this context
 +
      floor surface=OuterFloorSurface ( ALKIS: AX_Bauteil ),
 +
      wall surfaces=WallSurfaces and
 +
      ceiling=OuterCeilingSurface (CityGML 2.0) respectively WallSurface (CityGML 1.0)
  
 +
3. A note concerning ALKIS (LOD2+)
 +
  To create a closed volume, the object's floor surface = AX_Building - AX_Component (deutsch: AX_Gebäude - AX_Bauteil)
  
−
=== Durchfahrten ===
+
------->
  
 +
===== Attributes =====
 +
;''bldg:function''
 +
:Loggia (1001); see SIG 3D Codelist recommendation for [http://www.sig3d.org/codelists/Handbuch-SIG3D/building/2.0/CL-V1.0/BuildingInstallation_function.xml ''bldg:BuildingInstallation --> function'' ]
 +
;''bldg:boundedBy''
 +
:<span style="color:#00FF00">'''recommended:'''</span> A Loggia is considered as a building component which semantically consists of the building's boundary surfaces and possibly an exterior floor surface.
  
−
==== Definition ====
 
  
−
==== Geometrie ====
+
===== Examples =====
  
 +
<table width="1200px"  border="1" cellspacing="0" style="border:thin">
 +
<!-- Ueberschrift --------------------------------------------------->
 +
  <tr align="left">
 +
    <td colspan="6">
 +
'''Loggien'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    </tr>
 +
<!-- Spaltenbschriftungen ------------------------------------------->
 +
  <tr align="middle" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Real Building
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
    <td>
 +
ALKIS (German Cadastral Data)
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td>
 +
CityGML LOD0
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
CityGML LOD1
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
CityGML LOD2
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
CityGML LOD3
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 1 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
  <tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Real_Loggia_Z09.png|200px]]
 +
Interior Loggia
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:ALKIS_Loggia_Z09.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
 
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD1_Loggia_Z09.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD2_Loggia_01.jpg|200px]]
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/9/9a/Loggia-01-CityGML-LOD2-V1.gml CityGML download]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 2 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
<tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
−
==== Attribute ====
+
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:ALKIS_Loggia_Z12.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD1_Loggia_Z12.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD2_Loggia_01.jpg|200px]]
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/9/9a/Loggia-01-CityGML-LOD2-V1.gml CityGML download]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 3 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
<tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Real_Loggia_Z13.png|200px]]
 +
Partly set back ground floor
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:ALKIS_Loggia_Z13.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD1_Loggia_Z14.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD2_Loggia_02.jpg|200px]]
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/6/63/Loggia-02-CityGML-LOD2-V1.gml CityGML download] *
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 4 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
<tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Real_Loggia_Z13.png|200px]]
 +
Multi-storey building with interior Loggias
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:ALKIS_Loggia_Z15.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
−
=== Dachgauben ===
+
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD1_Loggia_Z14.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD2_Loggia_03.jpg.png|200px]]
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/c/c2/Loggia-03-CityGML-LOD2-V1.gml CityGML download] *
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 5 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
<tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:ALKIS_Loggia_Z16.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
−
==== Definition ====
+
    </td> 
−
'''Wikipedia:''' Eine Dachgaube, kurz Gaube, vereinzelt auch Dachgaupe bzw. Gaupe, ist ein Dachaufbau im geneigten Dach eines Gebäudes. Die Dachgaube dient zur Belichtung und Belüftung der Dachräume. Zu diesem Zweck befinden sich in den Gauben von Wohngebäuden im Allgemeinen Fenster. Gleichzeitig vergrößert eine Gaube den nutzbaren Raum im Dachgeschoss.
+
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD1_Loggia_Z16.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD2_Loggia_03.jpg.png|200px]]
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/c/c2/Loggia-03-CityGML-LOD2-V1.gml CityGML download] *
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 6 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
<tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Real_Loggia_Z17.png|200px]]
 +
Multi-storey building, Loggias across the whole front-width and height
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:ALKIS_Loggia_Z17.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
−
==== Geometrie ====
+
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD1_Loggia_Z17.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD2_Loggia_04.jpg|200px]]
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/d/d8/Loggia-04-CityGML-LOD2-V1.gml CityGML download] *
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 7 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
<tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:ALKIS_Loggia_Z18.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
−
==== Attribute ====
+
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD1_Loggia_Z17.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD2_Loggia_04.jpg|200px]]
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/d/d8/Loggia-04-CityGML-LOD2-V1.gml CityGML download] *
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 8 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
<tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Loggien_halbe_Breite-05-Foto-V1.png|200px]]
 +
Loggias across half the front-width (row house)
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte 
 +
<td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:|200px]]
 +
Kamen Am Langen Kamp 25
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD2_Loggia_05.jpg|200px]]
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/a/a9/Loggia-05-CityGML-LOD2-V1.gml CityGML download] *
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 9 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
<tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Vorgebaute_Loggien-06-Foto-V1.jpg|200px]]
 +
Projecting Loggias
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:ALKIS_Loggia_Z19.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD1_Loggia_Z14.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD2_Loggia_Z19.png|200px]]
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/f/f6/Loggia-06-CityGML-LOD2_V1.gml CityGML download] *
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</table>
 +
&#42; In this example, the geometry is modeled within the <code>lod2Solid</code> but not within the specified <code>BoundarySurface</code> elements (opposed to the standard)!
  
−
=== Erker / Auslucht ===
+
-----
 +
-----
  
 +
==== Passages ====
  
−
==== Definition ====
+
===== Definition =====
−
'''Wikipedia:''' Ein Erker (mhd. erker[e], ärker, wohl ein Lehnwort aus nordfrz. arquière „Schützenstand, Schießscharte“ (eigentlich „Mauerausbuchtung“)) ist ein geschlossener, überdachter, über ein oder mehrere Geschosse reichender Vorbau an der Fassade eines Hauses. Im Gegensatz zur Auslucht steigt er nicht vom Boden auf, sondern wird von einer auskragenden Balkenlage oder Konsolen getragen.
+
SIG3D: An open '''Passage''' is a part of a building at ground level for '''vehicles''' to drive through the building. It is bounded by walls and a roof.
  
−
'''Wikipedia:''' Die Auslucht (Niederdeutsch Utlucht) ist ein befensterter Vorsprung aus der Gebäudefront als Teil des Innenraumes. Als Sonderform des Erkers beginnt sie nicht auskragend, sondern ebenerdig. Daher spricht man auch von einem Standerker. Allseits mit großen Fenstern ausgestattet, ermöglichte sie einen Einblick in die Straße.
+
===== CityGML Feature =====
 +
* '''LoD1:''' not available
 +
* '''LoD2:''' ''bldg:BuildingInstallation''
 +
* '''LoD3:''' ''bldg:BuildingInstallation''
  
−
==== Geometrie ====
+
===== Geometry =====
 +
*'''''gml:Geometry'' <span style="color:#FF0000">not recommended</span>'''
 +
<!-- -->
 +
<!--Um die Einrückung der Liste zu gewährleisten, muss die Tabelle in einer Zeile steht, d.h. ohne Umbrüche -->
 +
<!-- -->
 +
*'''''bldg:boundedBy'' <span style="color:#00FF00">recommended</span>'''
 +
** Threshold LOD2 / LOD3:
 +
*** Modeling only, if the passage's depth and height >= 2 m;
 +
** '''Modeling Principle''' (passage in a building)
 +
*** The building contains all geometry-containing boundary surfaces.
 +
*** The passage (BuildingInstallation) '''references (Xlink)''' to the building's corresponding boundary surfaces.
 +
*** The building's volume references (Xlink) to the building's corresponding boarder surfaces.<table  border="0" cellspacing="6"><tr align="left" valign="center"><td width="600">[[image:Durchfahrt-Prinzip.png|600px]]</td></tr><tr align="center" valign="top"><td>Modeling principle of a passage </td></tr></table>
 +
** '''Modeling Principle''' (Shared passage through two buildings)
 +
*** Each building contains all geometry-containing boundary surfaces
 +
*** The passage (BuildingInstallation) is assigned to the building which contains the greater part of the passage. The passage '''references (Xlink)''' to the building's corresponding boarder surfaces and complements the passage with bounding geometry at the BuildingInstallation.
 +
*** The building's volume references (Xlink) to the building's corresponding boarder surfaces.<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="600">
 +
[[image:Durchfahrt-Prinzip-Var-2.png|600px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="center" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Modeling principle of a shared passage</td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
  
 +
<br />
 +
'''Note:''' The modeling of buildings with a closed building construction is described in [[#GebäudeInGeschlossenerBauweise|Kapitel 3.7]]
  
−
==== Attribute ====
+
===== Attributes =====
 +
;''bldg:function''
 +
:Passage(1002); see SIG 3D codelist recommendation for [http://www.sig3d.org/codelists/Handbuch-SIG3D/building/2.0/CL-V1.0/BuildingInstallation_function.xml ''bldg:BuildingInstallation --> function'' ]
 +
;''bldg:boundedBy''
 +
:<span style="color:#00FF00">'''recommended:'''</span> A passage is considered as a building component which semantically consists of the building's boundary surfaces and possibly an exterior floor surface.
  
−
=== Söller/Altan ===
+
===== Examples =====
 +
<table width="1200px"  border="1" cellspacing="0" style="border:thin">
 +
<!-- Ueberschrift --------------------------------------------------->
 +
  <tr align="left">
 +
    <td colspan="6">
 +
'''Passages'''
 +
    </td> 
 +
    </tr>
 +
<!-- Spaltenbschriftungen ------------------------------------------->
 +
  <tr align="middle" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Actual Example
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
    <td>
 +
ALKIS
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td>
 +
CityGML LoD0
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td>
 +
CityGML LoD1
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
CityGML LoD2
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td>
 +
CityGML LoD3
 +
    </td>
 +
  </tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 1 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
  <tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Real_Durchfahrt_Z26.png|200px]]
 +
Passage inside of a building
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:ALKIS_Durchfahrt_Z26.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
 
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD1_Durchfahrt_Z26.png|200px]]
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/0/05/Durchfahrt-01-CityGML-LOD1-V2.gml CityGML download]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Durchfahrt-01-LOD2.jpg|200px]]<br />
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/2/20/Durchfahrt-01-CityGML-LOD2-V2.gml CityGML download]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 2 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
<tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Zwei_Gebaeude_mit_gemeinsamer_Durchfahrt-02-Foto-V1.jpg|200px]]
 +
Two buildings with a shared passage
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:ALKIS_Durchfahrt_Z27.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD1_Durchfahrt_Z26.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Durchfahrt-02-LOD2.jpg|200px]]<br />
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/a/a5/Durchfahrt-02-CityGML-LOD2-V4.gml CityGML download]<br />
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 3 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
<tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
−
==== Definition ====
+
Two buildings with separate passages
−
'''Wikipedia:''' Ein Söller oder Altan (seltener auch: die Altane) ist eine offene, auf Stützen oder Mauern ruhende Plattform in einem Obergeschoss eines Gebäudes. In einigen südwestdeutschen Städten kennt man auch die umgangssprachliche Bezeichnung Aldene für die meist als Trockenplatz genutzte Dachterrasse von Altstadtgebäuden; vermutlich geht diese Bezeichnung auf dieselben Wurzeln zurück.
+
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte 
 +
<td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:ALKIS_Durchfahrt_Z28.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
−
==== Geometrie ====
+
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD1_Durchfahrt_Z27.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Durchfahrt-03-LOD2.jpg|200px]]<br />
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/f/f1/Durchfahrt-03-CityGML-LOD2-V2.gml CityGML download]<br />
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 4 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
<tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
 +
Two offset buildings with separate passages
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:ALKIS_Durchfahrt_Z29.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
−
==== Attribute ====
+
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD1_Durchfahrt_Z29.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Durchfahrt-04-LOD2.jpg|200px]]<br />
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/4/4c/Durchfahrt-04-CityGML-LOD2-V1.gml CityGML download]<br />
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 5 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
<tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Zwei_Gebaeude_mit_einseitiger_Durchfahrt-05-Foto-V1.jpg|200px]]
 +
Two buildings with onesided passage
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte 
 +
<td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD1_Durchfahrt_Z27.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Durchfahrt-05-LOD2.jpg|200px]]<br />
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/e/eb/Durchfahrt-05-CityGML-LOD2-V1.gml CityGML download]<br />
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 6 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
<tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Zwei_Gebaeude_mit_Verbindungstrakt-01-Foto-V1.jpg|200px]]
 +
Two buildings with a connection section
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:ALKIS_Durchfahrt_Z31.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
−
=== Keller ===
+
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD1_Durchfahrt_Z31.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD2_Durchfahrt_Z31.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<!-- Zeile 7 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
<tr align="middle">
 +
  <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:Real_Durchfahrt_Z53.png|200px]]
 +
Upper floor passage
 +
    </td>
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte 
 +
<td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
 +
    </td>
 +
-->
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
  
−
==== Definition ====
+
    </td> 
−
'''Wikipedia:''' Ein Keller (von lat. cella; auch Kellergeschoss, Untergeschoss oder Souterrain genannt) ist ein geschlossenes Gebäudebauteil, das sich ganz oder zumindest überwiegend unterhalb der Erdoberfläche befindet. Zweck des Kellers war ursprünglich die Lagerung von Lebensmitteln in kühler Umgebung, da ein Keller eine gleichmäßigere Temperatur aufweist als ein oberirdisches Bauwerk.
+
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD1_Durchfahrt_Z53.png|200px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
[[image:LOD2_Durchfahrt_Z53.png|200px]]
 +
    </td>
 +
    <td width="200px" valign="bottom">
 +
    </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</table>
  
−
==== Geometrie ====
+
==== Dormers / Zwerchhaus (Zwerchgiebel)====
  
  
−
==== Attribute ====
+
===== Definition =====
 +
'''SIG3D:'''
 +
'''SIG3D:''' A '''dormer'''' is a structural element of a building that protrudes from the plane of a sloping roof surface. Dormers are used, either in original construction or as later additions, to create usable space in the roof of a building by adding headroom and usually also by enabling addition of windows [Wikipedia].
  
 +
A '''dormer''' does not lie on the same plane as the building's exterior wall. The dormer (or the dormer's footprint) has a minimum offset of 0,5 m and lies inside the building's footprint.
  
−
=== Arkaden / Architrav ===
+
'''SIG3D:''' The '''Zwerchhaus''' is a one or more story installation of a sloping roof surface. It consists of a gable and its own roof. The !!!Zwerchgiebel!!! follows the exterior wall's building line. That represents the difference between a !!!Zwerchhaus!!! and a gable, because a gable does not have to follow the building line. The roof of the !!!Zwerchhaus!!! is often designed as a ridge roof. The ridge follows cross to the main roof's ridge. So the rainwater pipes continue in an orthogonal way to each other.
  
 +
'''Note:''' The '''zwerchhaus''' is not modeled as a part of the building installation, but as a building's boundary surface itself.
  
−
==== Definition ====
+
===== CityGML Feature =====
−
'''Wikipedia:''' Eine Arkade (lateinisch arcus: Bogen) bezeichnet in der Architektur einen von Pfeilern oder Säulen getragenen Bogen. Der Bogen lässt wesentlich größere Spannweiten zu als dies beim Architrav möglich ist.
+
* '''LOD1:''' not available
 +
* '''LOD2:''' ''bldg:BuildingInstallation''
 +
* '''LOD3:''' ''bldg:BuildingInstallation''
  
−
'''Wikipedia:''' Der Architrav (von italienisch architrave, aus griechisch ἀρχι, archi-, Ober-, Haupt- und lateinisch trabs, Balken) ist ein auf einer Stützenreihe ruhender Horizontalbalken. In der Antike wurde der Architrav auch Epistyl genannt, da er hier meist auf Säulen ruht (Epistyl von griechisch auf den Säulen liegend).
+
===== Geometry =====
 +
*'''''gml:Geometry'' <span style="color:#FF0000">not recommended</span>'''
  
−
==== Geometrie ====
+
*'''''bldg:boundedBy'' <span style="color:#00FF00">recommended</span>'''
 +
** Threshold LOD2:
 +
*** Modeling only, if the dormer's height >= 2 m;
 +
** Threshold LOD3:
 +
***
 +
** '''Modeling Principle'''
 +
*** The building contains all geometry-containing boundary surfaces of the building structure. To close the building's volume, a ClosureSurface is modeled into the roof's gap.
 +
*** The dormer (BuildingInstallation) '''contains all geometry-containing boundary surfaces''' of the dormer. To close the volume, either a ClosureSurface is modeled or it is closed by referencing to the building's corresponding ClosureSurface (Xlink to OrientableSurface).
 +
*** The building's volume, the building structure's volume and the volume of the dormer ('''CompositeSolid''') reference (Xlink)to the corresponding boundary surfaces of the building structure and dormer.
  
 +
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="600">
 +
[[image:Dachgaube-Prinzip.png|600px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="center" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Modelling Principle of a dormer</td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
  
−
==== Attribute ====
+
===== Attributes =====
 +
;''bldg:function''
 +
:Dormer (1003); see SIG 3D codelisten recommendation for[http://www.sig3d.org/codelists/Handbuch-SIG3D/building/2.0/CL-V1.0/BuildingInstallation_function.xml ''bldg:BuildingInstallation --> function'' ]
 +
;''bldg:boundedBy''
 +
:<span style="color:#00FF00">'''recommended:'''</span> A dormer is considered as a building component which semantically consists of the building's boundary surfaces.
  
−
=== Auskragende / zurückspringende Geschosse ===
+
===== Examples =====
 +
{| width="90%" cellspacing="0" border="1"
 +
|-
 +
<!-- Ueberschrift --------------------------------------------------->
 +
| align="left" colspan="6" |
 +
'''Dormer'''
 +
|-
 +
<!-- Überschriften --------------------------------------------------->
 +
| valign="top" align="center" |
 +
Actual Example
 +
<!--
 +
ALKIS
 +
-->
 +
|
 +
CityGML LOD0
 +
|
 +
CityGML LOD1
 +
|
 +
CityGML LOD2
 +
|
 +
CityGML LOD3
 +
|-
 +
<!-- Zeile 2 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
| align="center" width="200px" valign="top" |
 +
| align="center" width="200px" valign="top" |
 +
<!--  | align="center" width="200px" valign="top" | -->
 +
| align="center" width="200px" valign="top" |
 +
| align="center" width="200px" valign="top" |
  
 +
[[image:DachgaubeClosure-01-LOD2.jpg|200px]]
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/b/b5/DachgaubeClosure-V1.gml CityGML download]
 +
| align="center" width="200px" valign="top" |
 +
|}
  
−
==== Definition ====
 
  
 +
{| width="90%" cellspacing="0" border="1"
 +
|-
 +
| align="left" colspan="6" |
 +
'''Dormer (Gable)'''
 +
|-
 +
<!-- Überschriften --------------------------------------------------->
 +
| valign="top" align="center" |
 +
Real Building
 +
<!--
 +
ALKIS
 +
-->
 +
|
 +
CityGML LOD0
 +
|
 +
CityGML LOD1
 +
|
 +
CityGML LOD2
 +
|
 +
CityGML LOD3
 +
|-
 +
<!-- Zeile 2 --------------------------------------------------->
 +
| align="center" width="200px" valign="top" |
 +
[[image:Zwerchhaus-Foto-V3.jpg|200px]]
  
−
==== Geometrie ====
+
<!--
 +
| align="center" width="200px" valign="top" |
 +
[[image:Zwerchgiebel-ALKIS-v02.png|170px]]
 +
-->
 +
| align="center" width="200px" valign="top" |
 +
[[image:Zwerchgiebel-LOD0-v02.png|170px]]
  
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/a/a0/Zwerchgiebel-LOD0-V01.gml CityGML download]
  
−
=== Attribute ===
+
| align="center" width="200px" valign="top" |
 +
[[image:Zwerchgiebel-LOD1-v02.png|170px]]
  
 +
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/3/32/Zwerchgiebel-LOD1-V01.gml CityGML download]
  
 +
| align="center" width="200px" valign="top" |
 +
[[image:Zwerchgiebel-LOD2-v02.png|170px]]
  
−
=== Schornsteine im Gebäude ===
+
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/4/4b/Zwerchgiebel-LOD2-V02.gml CityGML download]
  
 +
| align="center" width="200px" valign="top" |
 +
[[image:Zwerchgiebel-LOD3-v02.png|170px]]
  
−
==== Definition ====
+
[http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/d/d4/Zwerchgiebel-LOD3-V01.gml CityGML download]
  
 +
|}
  
−
==== Geometrie ====
+
==== Arcades / Architrav ====
  
  
−
==== Attribute ====
+
===== Definition =====
 +
'''SIG3D:''' An arcade is a succession of arches, each counter thrusting the next, supported by columns or piers, or a covered walk enclosed by a line of such arches on one or both sides. In warmer or wet climates, exterior arcades provide shelter for pedestrians.[Wikipedia]
  
 +
'''SIG3D:''' An '''architrave''' (from Italian architrave, from Greek ἀρχι, archi- and Latin trabs, bar) is the lintel or beam that rests on the capitals of the columns. It is an architectural element in Classical architecture. In the ancient world, it was also called Epistyl because it was commonly built on pillars.[Wikipedia]
  
 +
===== CityGML Feature =====
 +
* '''LOD1:''' not available
 +
* '''LOD2:''' ''bldg:BuildingInstallation''
 +
* '''LOD3:''' ''bldg:BuildingInstallation''
  
−
=== Türme im Gebäude ===
+
===== Geometry =====
 +
*'''''gml:Geometry'' <span style="color:#FF0000">net recommended</span>'''
  
 +
*'''''bldg:boundedBy'' <span style="color:#00FF00">recommended</span>'''
 +
** '''Threshold LOD2:'''
 +
***  Threshold-values for the modelling of beams: all sides of the beam's BoundingBox are >= 0.5 m
 +
** '''Modelling principle'''
 +
*** The building contains all geometry-containing boundary surfaces
 +
*** The Arcade (BuildingInstallation) '''references (Xlink)''' to the building's corresponding boundary surfaces
 +
*** The building's volume references (Xlink) to the building's corresponding boundary surfaces
  
−
==== Definition ====
+
<table  border="0" cellspacing="6">
 +
  <tr align="left" valign="center">
 +
    <td width="600">
 +
[[image:Arkade-Prinzip.png|600px]]
 +
    </td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
  <tr align="center" valign="top">
 +
    <td>
 +
Modelling principle of an arcade</td> 
 +
  </tr>
 +
</table>
  
 +
===== Attributes =====
 +
;''bldg:function''
 +
:Arcade (1009); see SIG 3D codelist recommendation for [http://www.sig3d.org/codelists/Handbuch-SIG3D/building/2.0/CL-V1.0/BuildingInstallation_function.xml ''bldg:BuildingInstallation --> function'' ]
 +
;''bldg:boundedBy''
 +
:<span style="color:#00FF00">'''recommended:'''</span> An Arcade is considered as a building component which semantically consists of the building's boundary surfaces.
  
−
==== Geometrie ====
+
===== Examples  =====
 +
{| width="90%" cellspacing="0" border="1"
 +
|- align="left"
 +
| colspan="6" |
 +
'''Arcades'''
  
 +
|- valign="top" align="center"
 +
| width="200px" |
 +
Actual example
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
|
 +
ALKIS
 +
-->
 +
|
 +
CityGML LOD0
 +
|
 +
CityGML LOD1
 +
|
 +
CityGML LOD2
 +
|
 +
CityGML LOD3
  
−
==== Attribute ====
+
|- align="center"
 +
| width="200px" valign="bottom" |
 +
[[Image:Real Arkaden.png|200px]]
 +
|
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
width="20%" valign="bottom" |
 +
[[Image:ALKIS Arkaden.png|200px]]
 +
| width="200px" valign="bottom" |
 +
-->
 +
| width="200px" valign="bottom" |
 +
[[Image:LOD1 Arkaden.png|200px]]
  
  
−
=== Überdachungen / Unterstand ===
+
| width="200px" valign="bottom" |
 +
[[Image:LOD2 Arkaden V1.png|200px]]
  
 +
| width="200px" valign="bottom" |
 +
|- align="center"
 +
| width="200px" valign="bottom" |
 +
<!-- ALKIS Spalte
 +
| width="200px" valign="bottom" |
 +
-->
 +
| width="200px" valign="bottom" |
 +
| width="200px" valign="bottom" |
 +
| width="200px" valign="bottom" |
 +
[[Image:LOD2 Arkaden V2.png|200px ]]
  
−
==== Definition ====
+
| width="200px" valign="bottom" |
−
'''Wikipedia:''' Ein Unterstand ist ein überdachter offener Platz als Schutz vor der Witterung.
+
|}
  
−
==== Geometrie ====
+
<br>
  
 +
{| width="90%" cellspacing="0" border="1"
 +
|- align="left"
 +
| colspan="6" |
 +
'''Arcade'''
  
−
==== Attribute ====
+
|- valign="top" align="center"
 +
| width="20%" |
 +
Real Building
 +
<!--
 +
ALKIS
 +
-->
 +
|
 +
CityGML LOD0
 +
|
 +
CityGML LOD1
 +
|
 +
CityGML LOD2
 +
|
 +
CityGML LOD3
 +
|- align="center"
 +
| width="200px" valign="top" |
 +
[[Image:Arkaden-01-Foto-V1.jpg|200px]]
  
−
=== Stützen ===
+
<!--| width="200px" valign="top" |
 +
[[Image:Arkade-ALKIS-v01-red.png|200px]] -->
  
 +
| width="200px" valign="top" |
 +
[[Image:Arkade-LOD0-v01-red.png|200px]] [http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/4/43/Arkade-LoD0-Beispiel-Wiki-01-V01.gml CityGML download]
  
−
==== Definition ====
+
| width="200px" valign="top" |
 +
[[Image:Arkade-LOD1-v01-red.png|200px]] [http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/2/21/Arkade-LoD1-Beispiel-Wiki-01-V01.gml CityGML download]
  
 +
| width="200px" valign="top" |
 +
[[Image:Arkade-LOD2-v01-red.png|200px]] [http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/e/e5/Arkade-LoD2-Beispiel-Wiki-01-V01.gml CityGML download]
  
−
==== Geometrie ====
+
| width="200px" valign="top" |
 +
[[Image:Arkade-LOD3-v01-red.png|200px]] [http://quality.citygmlwiki.org/images/f/fb/Arkade-LoD3-Beispiel-Wiki-01-V01.gml CityGML download]
  
 +
|}
  
−
==== Attribute ====
+
-----
 +
{| width="100%" cellspacing="6" border="0"
 +
|- valign="top" align="left"
 +
| width="80%" | <div style="margin: 10px; border: 2px solid #dfdfdf; background-color:#f8f8ff;">{{Copyright-BY-NC-SA-4.0}}</div>
 +
|}
 +
-----

Latest revision as of 11:31, 9 April 2018

Document History

Version

Date

Author(s)

Status

Remarks

2.0.0

März 2013

SIG 3D / AG Qualität

© 2013 Special Interest Group 3D (SIG3D) der GDI-DE http://www.sig3d.org

öffentlich

Erste öffentliche Version mit Erweiterter Modellierung;

2.0.0 EN

November 2013

SIG 3D / Quality Working Group

© 2013-2014 Special Interest Group 3D (SIG3D) of the Spatial Data Infrastructure Germany (GDI-DE) http://www.sig3d.org /EC, KHH

public

English version;

2.0.1 EN

November 2017

SIG 3D / Quality Working Group

EC, KHH

public

License changed to Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0;


Introduction

Scope

  • The modeling recommendations are usually independent from the recording method. That means that this document is not a recording manual.
  • This document describes the modeling of 3D objects on the basis of existing information. In case of lacking information, in particular in case of missing height information, objects must explicitly not be modeled. For example, if all relevant information on balconies is available, this document provides recommendations for a standardized modeling. Otherwise balconies must not be modeled.
  • Recommendations are related to the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard CityGML version 1.0 and 2.0.
  • This document refers to national (German) and European standards (AdV, INSPIRE) and can only be partially generalized.
  • This document is restricted to the outer shell of buildings, i.e. building modeling up to LoD3

Target Group

  • Modeler
  • Data holder
  • Developer

Prior Knowledge Required

  • GML: Geography Markup Language
  • CityGML: Application schema for GML for the representation, storage, and exchange of virtual 3D city and landscape models
  • ALKIS: Official German Land Registry Information System

Further References

Document Conventions

  • Features are written in italic characters with the corresponding name space in bold characters .
  • Examples are written in fixed width.
  • Online references to other internal or external pages and documents are written in blue.
  • A statement which is not valid for all Levels of Detail (LoD) is noted as (LoD[1234][+]), e.g. a notation with (LoD1) is only valid for LoD1, a notation (LoD2+) is valid for all LoDs from LoD2 and above.

Definitions und Determinations

Level of Detail (Building, BuildingPart)

Definitions of SIG 3D:

  • LoD0
    • For every building or building part the footprint or roof outline is represented by a horizontal polygon with a well defined absolute and constant height.
  • LoD1
    • For every building or building part the generalized outer shell is represented by exactly one prismatic extrusion solid. Ground, floor and roof surfaces must be horizontal, lateral boundary surfaces must be vertical.
  • LoD2
    • For every building or building part the geometrically simplified outer shell is represented by horizontal resp. vertical outer surfaces and simplified roof shapes. All kind of surfaces ( e.g. ground surfaces, wall surfaces, roof surfaces, outer ceiling surfaces, outer floor surfaces, virtual closure surfaces ) and additional building elements ( e.g. building installations like balkonies, dormers and chimneys ) may be represented as semantic objects.
  • LoD3
    • For every building or building part the geometrically detailed outer shell is represented by detailed outer surfaces and detailed roof shapes. All kind of surfaces ( e.g. ground surfaces, wall surfaces, roof surfaces, outer ceiling surfaces, outer floor surfaces, virtual closure surfaces ) and additional building elements ( e.g. building installations like balkonies, dormers and chimneys ) may be more detailly represented as semantic objects. In respect to LoD2 doors and windows can be modeled as planar thematic objects.
  • LoD4
    • For every building or building part the geometrically detailed outer shell and interior is represented by detailed outer and inner surfaces and detailed roof shapes. All kind of surfaces ( e.g. ground surfaces, inner and outer wall surfaces, inner and outer roof surfaces, outer ceiling surfaces, outer floor surfaces, virtual closure surfaces ) and additional movable and non movable building elements ( e.g. building installations like balconies, dormers, chimneys, interior and furniture ) may be represented with greater detail as semantic objects.

Reference Coordinate System

CityGML 2.0 strongly recommends the specification of a reference coordinate system. For a meaningful use of data a valid reference coordinate system is imperative, therefore a valid reference coordinate system must be defined for each instance file:

  • A reference coordinate system must be defined as three dimensional (usually position and height reference system --> see Compound Coordinate Reference System).
  • A reference coordinate system should not be changed within an instance file.
  • A reference coordinate system should be defined once within <gml:Envelope>.


Recommendations for Germany: ETRS89 / UTM / Reference ellipsoid GRS80 + DHHN92


CityGML Example: 

<gml:boundedBy>
  <gml:Envelope srsDimension="3" srsName="urn:adv:crs:ETRS89_UTM32*DE_DHHN92_NH">
  --> see Compound Coordinate Reference System
     <gml:lowerCorner srsDimension="3">458868.0 5438343.0 112.0 </gml:lowerCorner>
     <gml:upperCorner srsDimension="3">458892.0 5438362.0 117.0 </gml:upperCorner>
  </gml:Envelope>
</gml:boundedBy>

ALKIS Example: 

<gml:boundedBy>
   <gml:Envelope srsName="urn:adv:crs:ETRS89_UTM32">
      <gml:pos>367456.554 5718128.391</gml:pos>
      <gml:pos>367505.094 5718091.143</gml:pos>
   </gml:Envelope>
</gml:boundedBy>

see also Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1

Model Structure

The use of core:CityModel is not regulated explicitly in the specification and in the schema. The multiple use of core:CityModel is compliant to the schema and will be validated. In order to avoid conflicts while importing CityGML models, it is recommended to use exactly one instance of core:CityModel as root element.

Heights

The measuredHeight is the measured or computed difference between the lowest terrain intersection point and the highest roof point with the following properties:

  • the measuredHeight is a simple attribute and so can not be specified and/or qualified any further;
  • the measuredHeight is always related to the real building;
  • the measuredHeight is independent of the LoD of the building;
  • the computation of the measuredHeight should always base on the terrain model with the highest available resolution.


The following heights are valid for flat roofs, outshot roofs, gable roofs, hip roofs, jerkinhead roofs, mansard roofs, pyramid roof, shed roof, shells and domes:


Höhenangaben-01.png


The following heights are valid for all kind of shed roofs:


Höhenangaben-02.png


The following heights are valid for different roof overhangs:


Höhenangaben-03.png


If absolute heights for the noted values are needed, they have to be defined as generic attributes (dimensioned gen:measureAttribute):

  • <gen:measureAttribute name="min height surface"><gen:value uom="#m">Value</gen:value></gen:measureAttribute>
  • <gen:measureAttribute name="min height eaves"><gen:value uom="#m">Value</gen:value></gen:measureAttribute>
  • <gen:measureAttribute name="max height eaves"><gen:value uom="#m">Value</gen:value></gen:measureAttribute>
  • <gen:measureAttribute name="max height ridge"><gen:value uom="#m">Value</gen:value></gen:measureAttribute>

Terrain Intersection Line

In CityGML the terrain intersection line is an attribute of a building or building part. It is generated by intersection of the building or building part with the terrain and has the following properties:

  • a terrain intersection line can be measured or calculated ;
  • if a terrain intersection line is calculated, the terrain model with the highest resolution available should be used;
  • a terrain intersection line is an attribute of the building or building part;
  • outer building installations (bldg:BuildingInstallation) are taken into account from a terrain intersection line (see Figure A);
  • a terrain intersection line is a result of the intersection of buildings in the respective LoD and the most accurate available terrain. In CityGML it has no relation to the terrain used in a visualization and its resolution and accuracy.
  • a terrain intersection line may consist of several independent parts;
  • a terrain intersection line need not be closed;
  • a terrain intersection line which does not exist in reality will not be taken into account (e.g. in the case of building parts ).

TerrainIntersection-Fall a.png

TerrainIntersection-Fall b.png

TerrainIntersection-Fall c.png

TerrainIntersection-Fall d.png

Figure A

Figure B

Figure C

Figure D

Overhanging Building Elements

Overhanging or projecting building elements are defined as parts of roofs, walls etc, which should not be considered in the volume calculation of the building. Overhanging or projecting building elements are modeled as follows:

  • always as from the volume-forming building element separated surface element(s) (see Figure A)
  • always as a surface element, if the thickness of the building element is less than 0.5 m (see Figure B)
  • always as a solid element, if the thickness of the building element is greater than 0.5 m (see Figure B)
  • in LoD2 always as a surface element, if the thickness of the building element is less than 0.5 m
  • in LoD2 always as a solid element, if the thickness of the building element is greater than 0.5 m
  • in LoD3 always in the best accuracy based on available information.

AuskragendeBauelemente-1.png

Figure A

AuskragendeBauelemente-2.png

Figure B

Closed Coverage Type

Buildings as parts of closed coverage type (applies to semi-detached and terrace houses also) can be modeled as follows:

  • Buildings that are separated within the land register should be modeled as separate buildings.
GeschlosseneBauweise-01-V01.pngGeschlosseneBauweise-04-V01.png
Separate buildings of closed coverage typeTerrace houses as separate buildings
  • Buildings that are united within the land register should be modeled as one single building which can be subdivided into building parts (e.g. row of buildings, semi-detached or terrace houses).
GeschlosseneBauweise-02-V01.pngGeschlosseneBauweise-03-V01.png
Terrace houses as one single buildingTerrace houses as building parts
  • Buildings without any land register information and for which the building detection provides no usable structures (e.g. based on flights) should be modeled as one single building.
    GeschlosseneBauweise-02-V01.png
    Terrace houses as one single building

The modeling of boundary surfaces between buildings must satisfy the following geometric resp. semantic conditions:

  • Common boundary surfaces may only be referenced within a building via Xlink (building-building part resp. building part - building part).

Addresses

  • The CityGML specification allows to assign an address both to a building (bldg:Building, bldg:BuildingPart) as well as to a door (bldg:Door). It is recommended always to assign an address to a building (in any LoD) because doors are not available in LoD1 and LoD2.
  • It is recommended to use the complete postal address.
  • Multiple addresses can be assigned to one building.
  • Umlauts are allowed in addresses (z.B. Würzburg☺, Wuerzburg☺, Würzburg and Wuerzburg mixed ☹).


General example: 

Street:            Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
Number:            1
Zip Code:          76344
City:              Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen


CityGML example: 

<core:Address>
   <core:xalAddress>
      <xAL:AddressDetails>
         <xAL:Locality Type="Town">
            <xAL:LocalityName>Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen</xAL:LocalityName>
            <xAL:Thoroughfare Type="Street">
               <xAL:ThoroughfareNumber>1</xAL:ThoroughfareNumber>
               <xAL:ThoroughfareName>Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz</xAL:ThoroughfareName>
            </xAL:Thoroughfare>
            <xAL:PostalCode>
               <xAL:PostalCodeNumber>76344</xAL:PostalCodeNumber>
            </xAL:PostalCode>
         </xAL:Locality>
      </xAL:AddressDetails>
   </core:xalAddress>
</core:Address>

Codelists

Codelists for the CityGML 2.0 standard are available at "http://www.sig3d.org/codelists/standard".

The recommendations for codelists in this modeling guide refer to the proposal of the SIG3D. These codelists are availabe (in German only) at "http://www.sig3d.org/codelists/Handbuch-SIG3D" and relate to ALKIS.

This modeling guide refers to the following codelists:

Generic Attributes

Generic (user defined) attributes may be used to represent attributes which are not covered explicitly by the CityGML schema. Generic attributes must be used with care; they shall only be used if there is no appropriate attribute available in the overall CityGML schema. Otherwise, problems concerning semantic interoperability may arise. Interoperability of generic attributes is reduced to attribute values which can only be interpreted semantically by additional information. The following attribute types are defined:

  • stringAttribute - for arbitrary strings
  • intAttribute - for dimensionless integer numbers
  • doubleAttribute - for dimensionless floating point numbers
  • dateAttribute - for dates with integer-valued year, month and day representation in the format YYYY-MM-DD (e.g. 2013-03-08)
  • uriAttribute - represents a Uniform Resource Identifier Reference (URI) (e.g. a link to a document or a web site)
  • measureAttribute - for dimensioned values (CityGML 2.0)

Attributes can be combined in CityGML 2.0 by generic attribute sets genericAttributeSet with an optional codeSpace. If the codeSpace attribute is present, then its value should identify an authority for the set, such as the organisation or community who defined its content. The generic attribute set may contain arbitrary generic attributes.

CityGML Examples 

<gen:stringAttribute name="construction"><gen:value>concrete</gen:value></gen:stringAttribute>
<gen:intAttribute name="entries"><gen:value>3</gen:value></gen:intAttribute>
<gen:doubleAttribute name="floor area ratio FAR"><gen:value>0.33</gen:value></gen:doubleAttribute>
<gen:dateAttribute name="approval date"><gen:value>2012-03-09</gen:value></gen:dateAttribute> 
<gen:uriAttribute name="website "><gen:value>http://www.sig3d.org</gen:value></gen:uriAttribute>
<gen:measureAttribute name="building width"><gen:value uom="#m">10.00</gen:value>/gen:measureAttribute>

<gen:genericAttributeSet name="Base Quantities">
   <gen:measureAttribute name="Height"><gen:value uom="#m">9.00</gen:value></gen:measureAttribute>
   <gen:measureAttribute name="Area"><gen:value uom="#m2">80.00</gen:value></gen:measureAttribute>
   <gen:measureAttribute name="Volume"><gen:value uom="#m3">720.00</gen:value></gen:measureAttribute>
</gen:genericAttributeSet>

Geometry

There is no GML Profile for CityGML. This means that CityGML instance files will validate with every GML geometry. The specification restricts the usage of GML geometry classes (CityGML 2.0 Annex D "Overview of employed GML3 geometry classes). CityGML references to the following geometry classes (CityGML 2.0 Annex D):

Abstract Classes

Instantiated Classes

Further Limitations

gml:_Solid

gml:Solid

only gml:OrientableSurface, gml:Polygon, gml:CompositeSurface,

tex:TexturedSurface (obsolete)

gml:CompositeSolid

no restriction

gml:_Surface

gml:Polygon

only gml:LinearRing and gml:Ring exclusively with gml:LineString or gml:CompositeCurve

gml:OrientableSurface

no restriction

tex:TextureSurface

obsolete

gml:CompositeSurface

only gml:OrientableSurface, gml:Polygon, gml:CompositeSurface

tex:TexturedSurface (obsolete)

gml:TriangulatedSurface

no restriction

gml:Tin

no restriction

gml:_Curve

gml:LineString

no restriction

gml:CompositeCurve

gml:LineString and gml:CompositeCurve only

gml:_GeometricPrimitive

gml:Point

no restriction

gml:_Coverage

gml:RectifiedGridCoverage

no restriction

gml:_AbstractGeometricAggregate

gml:MultiSolid

no restriction

gml:MultiSurface

only gml:OrientableSurface, gml:Polygon, gml:CompositeSurface,

tex:TexturedSurface (obsolete)

gml:MultiCurve

only gml:LineString and gml:CompositeCurve

gml:MultiPoint

no restriction

gml:GeometricComplex

restricted to connected linear networks

gml:MultiGeometry

restrictrions see allowed geometry types


In order to keep the instance files small and to ensure an optimal editability of models, maximum flat polygons should be used, if appropriate with holes (inner rings).

File Name

It is recommended to use *.gml as file extension to distinguish CityGML files from other XML files.

Modeling

Base Modeling

The base modeling includes the modeling of the building resp. building part itself in LoD1, with appropriate boundary surfaces in LoD2 and LoD3 and with windows and doors in LoD3. In addition, the basic modeling covers the general use of building installations.

Building (bldg:Building)

Definition

SIG3D: A free-standing self-supporting construction that is roofed, usually walled, and can be entered by humans and is normally designed to stand permanently in one place. It is intended for human occupancy (for example: a place of work or recreation), habitation and/or shelter of humans, animals or things.

ISO: Provision of shelter for its occupants or contents as one of its main purposes; usually partially or totally enclosed and designed to stand permanently in one place

CityGML Feature

bldg:Building

Geometry

gml:Solid see Modeling Guide - Part 1

It is recommended to use gml:Solid depending on the LoD in the following way :

BuildingSolid-V1.png

BuildingSolidXlink.png

Figure A

Figure B


gml:MultiSurface (not recommended)

gml:MultiCurve (not recommended)

Attributes
gml:id (mandatory)
from GML version 3.2 onwards an id is mandatory
gml:name (recommended, if available in the underlying land register)
'name' is the proper name or the name of the building.
bldg:class (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)
The attribute bldg:class allows an unspecified classification of the building; no suggestion from the SIG3D;
bldg:function (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3) (recommended)
The 'function' of a building is the predominantly functional significance of the building at the date of data collection ( principle of dominance ); see also in the SIG3D code lists.
bldg:usage (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3) (conditionally recommended)
The 'usage' of a building describes the use of the building and contains the respective percentage usage share of the total use.
bldg:yearOfConstruction (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3) (recommended)
The 'yearOfConstruction' is the year of completion of the construction or alteration of the building;
bldg:yearOfDemolition (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)
The 'yearOfDemolition' is the year of deconstruction of the building;
bldg:roofType (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3) (recommended)
'Roof type' describes the characteristic shape of the roof; see also in the code list of the SIG3D
bldg:measuredHeight (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3) (recommended)
'Measured height' is the difference in [m] between the highest point of the roof structure and the defined footprint of the building; see also Heights
bldg:storeysAboveGround (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3) (recommended, if available in the underlying land register)
'storeys above ground' is the number of above-ground floors
bldg:storeysBelowGround (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3) (recommended, if available in the underlying land register)
'storeys below ground' is the number of underground floors
bldg:storeysHeightsAboveGround (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)
Height between two consecutive floors of the above-ground floors
bldg:storeysHeightsBelowGround (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)
Height between two consecutive floors of the underground floors
bldg:lodXSolid (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)
LoDX geometry (volume)of the building
bldg:lodXMultiSurface (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3) (not recommended)
LoDX geometry (surface) of the building
bldg:lodYMultiCurve (LoD2, LoD3) (not recommended)
LoDY geometry (curve) of the building
bldg:lodXTerrainIntersection (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)
LoDX geometry (curve) of the terrain intersection line of the building
bldg:outerBuildingInstallation (LoD2, LoD3)
Relation to LoD2/LoD3 building installation
bldg:boundedBy (LoD2, LoD3)
Relation to boundary surfaces (wall surfaces, roof surfaces, ground surfaces, outer ceiling surfaces, outer floor surfaces and closure surfaces)
bldg:consistsOfBuildingPart (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)
Relation to LoD1/LoD2/LoD3 building parts
bldg:address (LoD1, LoD2, LoD3)
Relation to one or more building addresses
Examples

Detached family house

Building-Example-1-V1-real.png

Building-Example-1-V1-LOD0.png

Building-Example-1-V1-LOD1.png

Building-Example-1-V1-LOD2.png

Building-Example-1-V1-LOD3.png

Real Building

CityGML LOD0

CityGML LOD1

CityGML LOD2

CityGML LOD3

Building Part (bldg:BuildingPart)

Definition

SIG3D: A building part is a sub-division of a building that is homogeneous related to its physical, functional or temporal aspects and may be considered as a building.

The subdivision of a building can be done by different criteria, e.g.

  • structural like number of floors, roof type, height, construction method,
  • administrative like building function, ownership, year of construction.

Building parts (bldg:BuildingParts) must satisfy the following conditions ( necessary conditions ):

  • A building part always has a relation (bldg:consistsOfBuildingPart) to exactly one building:
  • Buildings and building parts touch each other planar or linear-shaped,
  • Building parts must be "connected to ground" and can have the following properties ( for example, storeys are no building parts ):
    • Building parts may have different building attributes ( e.g. function, roof type ),
    • Building parts may have an address that differs from the address of the building,
    • The geometry of building parts (bldg:BuildingParts) must be modeled in a way that both the volume and the surfaces of the boundary surfaces ( wall surfaces, roof surfaces and ground surfaces ) correspond to the real conditions (see chapter Building Part/Geometry),
    • If a building part is emphasized as the main part of the building, its semantics and geometry can be modeled in the parent building,
    • Building parts will not be subdivided into further building parts.
CityGML Feature

bldg:BuildingPart

Geometry
gml:Solid
see also Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1
It is recommended to use gml:Solid depending on the LoD in the following way :
  • In LoD1 a solid directly contains the bounding geometry (Figure A)
  • In LoD2 and LoD3 a solid contains external references (Xlinks) to the bounding geometry (wall surfaces, roof surfaces, ground surfaces, outer ceiling surfaces, outer bottom surfaces and closure surfaces as well as doors and windows). Surfaces, which do not exist in reality are modeled as closure surfaces (Figure B).
  • In LoD2 a solid contains external references (Xlinks) to the real bounding geometry. Surfaces, which do not exist in reality are modeled as closure surfaces and assigned directly to the building part (Figure C).

Geometrie-Beispiel-Wiki-LOD1.png

Geometrie-Beispiel-Wiki-LOD2-FallB.png

Geometrie-Beispiel-Wiki-LOD2-FallB.png

Geometrie-Beispiel-Wiki-LOD1-gedreht.png

Geometrie-Beispiel-Wiki-LOD2-gedreht-FallB.png

Geometrie-Beispiel-Wiki-LOD2-gedreht-FallC.png

Figure A

Figure B

Figure C

bldg:boundedBy (LoD2, LoD3)
Relation to boundary surfaces (wall surfaces, roof surfaces, ground surfaces, outer ceiling surfaces, outer floor surfaces and closure surfaces)

gml:MultiSurface (not recommended)

gml:MultiCurve (not recommended)

Attributes

Since the building part is derived from the building, all attributes of the building are also available for the building part (see also Building Attribute).

Exception: bldg:consistsOfBuildingPart

Examples

Office with factory hall

Buero-Werkshalle-01.png

"structurally distinct" building parts → "Office" as function of BuildingPart 1 ; "Factory Hall" as function of BuildingPart 2

Detached house with staggered shed roof

House with a projecting floor

FJK-Haus-BuildingParts.png

FJK-Haus-BuildingParts-03.png

No "structurally distinct" building parts → roofType "staggered shed roof"

No "structurally distinct" building parts; 1 building part not "connected to ground"

Examples with overarching building parts

Variante 1 Variante-01-V2-red.png

Variante 2 Variante-02-V1-red.png

Variante 3 Variante-03-V2-red.png

Building Installations (bldg:BuildingInstallation)

Definition

SIG3D: Permanently installed parts of the buildings outer shell which are accessory for the building structure including loggia, dormer, etc. Doors and windows are modeled by the corresponding CityGML classes.

CityGML Feature
  • LOD1: not available
  • LOD2: bldg:BuildingInstallation
  • LOD3: bldg:BuildingInstallation
Geometry
gml:Geometry
gml:Geometry allows points, lines, areas, volumes as well as any combination of these elements.
The use of points is not recommended.
The use of lines is only recommenced under certain circumstances, because not all applications are able to process this geometry.

Haus-mit-Antenne-V1.png

Haus-mit-SolarPanel-V1.png

Haus-mit-Kamin-V1.png

Lines (e.g. Antenna)

Surfaces (e.g. Solar Panel)

Volumes (e.g. Chimney)

Haus-mit-SatellitenAntenne-V2.png

LoD2-Haus-Treppe-V2-MultiGeo-V1.png

Haus-mit-Balkon-V2.png

Lines and surfaces (e.g. satellite dish)

Lines and surfaces resp. surfaces and volumes (e.g. stair and porch)

Lines, surfaces und volumes (e.g. balcony)

bldg:boundedBy (LoD2, LoD3)
Relation to boundary surfaces (wall surfaces, roof surfaces, ground surfaces, outer ceiling surfaces, outer floor surfaces and closure surfaces) → see also Extended Modeling

LoD2-Haus-Turm-Solid-V1.png

LoD2-Haus-Turm-BoundeBy-V1.png

LoD2-Haus-Turm-Solid-V1-explode.png

LoD2-Haus-Turm-BoundeBy-V1-explode.png

Building with a small ridge turret (modeled as a building installation with geometry)

Building with a tower (modeled as a building installation with boundary surfaces)

Attributes
gml:id (mandatory)
from GML version 3.2 onwards an id is mandatory
bldg:class (LoD2, LoD3) (not recommended)
The attribute bldg:class allows an unspecified classification of the building installation; no suggestion from the SIG3D;
bldg:function (LoD2, LoD3) (recommended)
The 'function' of a building installation is the predominantly functional significance of the building installation at the date of data collection ( principle of dominance ); see also in the SIG3D code lists.
bldg:usage (LoD2, LoD3) (not recommended)
no suggestion from the SIG3D;
bldg:lodXGeometry (LoD2, LoD3)
LoDX geometry of the building installation;
Examples

LoD2-Haus-Turm-Solid-LOD1-V1.png

LoD2-Haus-Turm-Solid-LOD2-V1.png

LoD2-Haus-Turm-Solid-V1.png

LoD1: no building installation

LoD2: simplified building installation

LoD3: detailed building installation

LoD2-Haus-Turm-BoundeBy-LOD1-V1.png

LoD2-Haus-Turm-BoundeBy-V1.png

LoD2-Haus-Turm-BoundeBy-LOD3-V1.png

LoD1: no building installation

LoD2: simplified building installation

LoD3: detailed building installation


Ground Surfaces (bldg:GroundSurface)

Definition

SIG3D: Exterior, lower boundary surface of a building, building part or building installation against soil or water ( e.g. foundation ).

CityGML Feature
  • LoD1: not available
  • LoD2: bldg:GroundSurface
  • LoD3: bldg:GroundSurface
Geometry
gml:MultiSurface
see also Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1
  • A ground surface consists only of surfaces which are visible from the outside of the building, building part or building installation.

GroundSurface-Flaech-Volumen.png

  • The elevation of the ground surface depends on the availability of data:
    • If there is information available about cellars, the elevation of the ground surface is set to the lower edge of the floor of the cellar (Figure A);
    • If the ground surface of the building, building part or building installation is generated by an intersection with the terrain, the elevation of the (horizontal) ground surface is set to the lowest absolute height of the corresponding terrain intersection line (Figure B);
    • It is not recommeded to generate the ground surface of the building, building part or building installation directly from an intersection with the terrain (Figure C);

GroundSurface-Skizze-5-V2.png

GroundSurface-Skizze-6-V2.png

GroundSurface-Skizze-7-V2.png

Figure A

Figure B

Figure C

Attribute
bldg:lod2MultiSurface
points to the LoD2 surface geometry of the base area
bldg:lod3MultiSurface
points to the LoD3 surface geometry of the base area
bldg:opening not recommended
points to a CityGML feature bldg:Opening ( bldg:Door ( see doors ) or bldg:Window ( see windows ) )
Examples

GroundSurface-0-V1.png

GroundSurface-1-V1.png

GroundSurface-2-V1.png

GroundSurface-3-V1.png

Building without cellar and one floor slab (One bldg:GroundSurface)

Building with cellar and one floor slab (One bldg:GroundSurface)

Building with partial cellar and two different floor slabs (Two bldg:GroundSurface)

Building with cellar and ramp (Two bldg:GroundSurface)


GroundSurface-5-V2.png

GroundSurface-6-V2.png

GroundSurface-7-V2.png

Building with ground surface at lower edge of floor cellar (One bldg:GroundSurface)

Building with ground surface at lowest absolute height of the corresponding terrain intersection line (One bldg:GroundSurface)

Building with ground surface based on intersection with the terrain (One bldg:GroundSurface) not recommended

Wall Surfaces (bldg:WallSurface)

Definition

SIG3D: A wall surface is an exterior, lateral boundary surface of a building, building part or building installation.

ISO: A wall is a vertical construction that bounds or subdivides a space and usually fulfils a loadbearing or retaining function.

The normals of the wall surfaces should generally lie in the horizontal ( up to 45 degrees ).

CityGML Feature
  • LoD1: not available
  • LoD2: bldg:WallSurface
  • LoD3: bldg:WallSurface
Geometry
gml:MultiSurface
see also Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1
  • A wall surface surface consists only of surfaces which are visible from the outside of the building, building part or building installation.

WallSurface-Flaechen-Volumen.png

  • Wall projections, which do not limit the volume of the building will be modeled according to the rules for

Cantilevered building elements.

  • A wall surface must consist of several surfaces ( SurfaceMember ) if :
    • a wall surfaces has different colors or textures
      WallSurface-mit-Farben-V1.pngWallSurface-mit-Texturen-V1.png
      4 wall surfaces with 3 areas each (1 area in "orange"; 2 areas in "beige")(4 bldg:WallSurface)4 wall surfaces with 2 areas each (1 area with texture "plaster"; 1 area with texture "sandstone") (4 bldg:WallSurface)
    • a wall surface is nonplanar
      WallSurface-Rund-V1.pngWallSurface-Laibungen-V1.png
      5 wall surfaces; 4 wall surfaces with 1 surface each and 1 wall surface (circular wall) with 6 surfaces (4 bldg:WallSurface)Front wall as 1 wall surface consisting of 4 surfaces (revealing areas); right wall as 1 wall surface consisting of 13 surfaces (12 revealing areas)
  • A wall surface might consist of several surfaces ( SurfaceMember ) if :
    • it is intended to indicate a storey structure
      WallSurface-ohne-Stockwerke-V1.pngWallSurface-mit-Stockwerke-V1.png
      4 wall surfaces with 1 surface each (4 bldg:WallSurface)4 wall surfaces with 3 surfaces each (ground floor, upper floor and top floor) (4 bldg:WallSurface)
Attributes
bldg:lod2MultiSurface
points to the LoD2 surface geometry of the wall
bldg:lod3MultiSurface
points to the LoD3 surface geometry of the wall
bldg:opening
points to a CityGML feature bldg:Opening ( bldg:Door ( see doors ) or bldg:Window ( see windows ) )
Examples

WallSurface-0-V2.png

WallSurface-1-V2.png

WallSurface-2-V2.png

A wall surface with 4 surfaces (1 bldg:WallSurface) not recommended

4 wall surfaces with 1 surface each (4 bldg:WallSurface)

4 wall surfaces (3 planar walls with 1 surface each and 1 circular wall with 12 surfaces) (4 bldg:WallSurface)

WallSurface-3-V2.png

WallSurface-4-V2.png

1 wall surface with elliptic or circular layout (1 bldg:WallSurface)

5 wall surfaces by staggered facades (5 bldg:WallSurface)

Roof Surfaces (bldg:RoofSurface)

Definition

SIG3D: A roof surface is a exterior, upper boundary surface of a building, building part or building installation, whose primary function is to protect from the effects of weather. ISO: A roof is a construction that encloses a building from above

The normals of a roof should generally lie in the vertical.

CityGML Feature
  • LoD1: not available
  • LoD2: bldg:RoofSurface
  • LoD3: bldg:RoofSurface
Geometry
gml:MultiSurface
see also Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1
  • A roof surface surface consists only of surfaces which are visible from the outside of the building, building part or building installation.

RoofSurface-Flaechen-Volumen.png

Attributes
bldg:lod2MultiSurface
points to the LoD2 surface geometry of the roof
bldg:lod3MultiSurface
points to the LoD3 surface geometry of the roof
bldg:opening
points to a CityGML feature bldg:Opening ( bldg:Door ( see doors ) or bldg:Window ( see windows ) )
Examples

Gable Roof

Gable Roof

Mixed Roof

Tent Roof

RoofSurface-0-V1.png

RoofSurface-1-V1.png

RoofSurface-2-V1.png

RoofSurface-3-V1.png

1 roof surface with 2 surfaces (1 bldg:RoofSurface) not recommended

2 roof surfaces with 1 surface each (2 bldg:RoofSurface)

3 roof surfaces ( 2 planar roof surfaces with 1 surface each and 1 conical roof area with 12 surfaces ) (3 bldg:RoofSurface)

1 conical roof area with 24 surfaces (1 bldg:RoofSurface)

Jerkinhead Roof

Gambrel Roof

Arch Roof

Dome Roof

RoofSurface-4-V1.png

RoofSurface-5-V1.png

RoofSurface-6-V1.png

RoofSurface-8-V1.png

4 roof surfaces (4 bldg:RoofSurface)

4 roof surfaces (4 bldg:RoofSurface)

1 roof surface with 12 surfaces (1 bldg:RoofSurface)

1 roof surface with 264 surfaces (1 bldg:RoofSurface)

Shed Roof I

Shed Roof II

RoofSurface-9-V1.png

RoofSurface-10-V1.png

5 roof surfaces (5 bldg:RoofSurface)

10 roof surfaces (10 bldg:RoofSurface)

Outer Floor Surfaces(bldg:OuterFloorSurface)

Definition

SIG3D: Exterior, upper boundary surface of a building, building part or building installation which is not a roof.

The normals of an outer floor surface should generally be vertical directed upwards.

CityGML Feature
  • LoD1: not available
  • LoD2: bldg:OuterFloorSurface
  • LoD3: bldg:OuterFloorSurface
Geometry
gml:MultiSurface
see also Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1
  • An outer floor surface consists only of surfaces which are visible from the outside of the building, building part or building installation.

OuterFloorSurface-Uebersicht.png

OuterFloorSurface-Flaechen-Volumen.png

Attributes
bldg:lod2MultiSurface
points to the LoD2 surface geometry
bldg:lod3MultiSurface
points to the LoD3 surface geometry
bldg:opening
points to a CityGML feature bldg:Opening ( bldg:Door ( see doors ) or bldg:Window ( see windows ) )
Examples

Roof terrace

Loggia

Roof terrace

OuterFloorSurface-01-V1.png

OuterFloorSurface-02-V1.png

OuterFloorSurface-03-V1.png

1 OuterFloorSurface

1 OuterFloorSurface

1 OuterFloorSurface

Outer Ceiling Surface(bldg:OuterCeilingSurface)

Definition

SIG3D: Exterior, lower boundary surface of a building, building part or building installation against air.

The normals of an outer ceiling surface should generally be vertical directed downwards.

CityGML Feature
  • LoD1: not available
  • LoD2: bldg:OuterCeilingSurface
  • LoD3: bldg:OuterCeilingSurface
Geometry
gml:MultiSurface
see also Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1
  • An outer ceiling surface consists only of surfaces which are visible from the outside of the building, building part or building installation.

OuterFloorSurface-Uebersicht.png

OuterCeilingSurface-Flaechen-Volumen.png

Attributes
bldg:lod2MultiSurface
points to the LoD2 surface geometry
bldg:lod3MultiSurface
points to the LoD3 surface geometry
bldg:opening
points to a CityGML feature bldg:Opening ( bldg:Door ( see doors ) or bldg:Window ( see windows ) )
Examples

Passage

Loggia

Cantilevered floor

OuterCeilingSurface-02-V1.png

OuterCeilingSurface-01-V1.png

OuterCeilingSurface-03-V1.png

1 OuterCeilingSurface

1 OuterCeilingSurface

1 OuterCeilingSurface

Virtual Boundary Surface (bldg:ClosureSurface)

Definition

SIG3D: Exterior or interior boundary surface providing virtual boundaries, typically used to seal holes in volumetric objects.

CityGML Feature
  • LoD1: not available
  • LoD2: bldg:ClosureSurface
  • LoD3: bldg:ClosureSurface
Geometry
gml:MultiSurface
see also Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1
  • A closure surface consists only of virtual ( imaginary ) surfaces which are visible from the outside of the building, building part or building installation.
Attributes
bldg:lod2MultiSurface
points to the LoD2 surface geometry
bldg:lod3MultiSurface
points to the LoD3 surface geometry
bldg:opening not recommended
points to a CityGML feature bldg:Opening ( bldg:Door ( see doors ) or bldg:Window ( see windows ) )
Examples

Open barn

Railway platform hall

Parking garage

ClosureSurface-01-V1.png

ClosureSurface-03-V1.png

ClosureSurface-02-V1.png

1 ClosureSurface

2 ClosureSurface

28 ClosureSurface

Doors (bldg:Door)

Definition

ISO 6707-1: Construction for closing an opening intended primarily for access or egress or both.

CityGML Feature
  • LoD1: not available
  • LoD2: not available
  • LoD3: bldg:Door
Geometry
gml:MultiSurface
see also Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1
  • A door consists only of surfaces which are either visible from the outside of the building, building part or building installation ( case A, B or C ) or consists of solids ( case D ).

TerrassenTuer-Detail-0.png

TerrassenTuer-Detail-0-Texture.png

TerrassenTuer-Detail-1-Flaeche.png

TerrassenTuer-Detail-1.png

TerrassenTuer-Schnitt-Detail-0.png

TerrassenTuer-Schnitt-Detail-0-Texture.png

TerrassenTuer-Schnitt-Detail-1-Flaeche.png

TerrassenTuer-Schnitt-Detail-1.png

Case A (Door as a simple surface)

Case B (Door as a textured surface)

Case C (Door modeled in detail with surfaces only visible from the outside)

Case D (Door as a solid)

  • In order to ensure a closed outer shell of the building, the doors should not be modeled in an opened state ( case A ) but in closed condition ( case B ).

Tuer-offen-red-v1.png

Tuer-zu-red-v1.png

Case A (Doors opened)

Case B (Doors closed)

Attributes
bldg:lod3MultiSurface
points to the LoD3 surface geometry
bldg:address
points to the address of the door
Examples

Simple Doors

Simple Doors with Embrasure

Doors modeled in detail

Beispiel-Tueren-GanzEinfach-Red-V1.png

Beispiel-Tueren-Einfach-Red-V1.png

Beispiel-Tueren-Komplex-Red-V1.png

Number of Polygons (Complete Model) = 19

Number of Polygons (Complete Model) = 128

Number of Polygons (Complete Model) = 3498

Windows (bldg:Window)

Definition

SIG3D: Construction for closing an opening in a wall or roof, primarily intended to admit light and / or provide ventilation (cf. ISO 6707).

CityGML Feature
  • LoD1: not available
  • LoD2: not available
  • LoD3: bldg:Window
Geometry
gml:MultiSurface
see also Modeling Guide for 3D Objects - Part 1
  • A window consists only of surfaces which are either visible from the outside of the building, building part or building installation ( case A, B or C ) or consists of solids ( case D ).


RechteckFenster-Detail-0.png

RechteckFenster-Detail-0-Texture.png

RechteckFenster-Detail-1-Flaeche.png

RechteckFenster-Detail-1.png

RechteckFenster-Schnitt-Detail-0.png

RechteckFenster-Schnitt-Detail-0-Texture.png

RechteckFenster-Schnitt-Detail-1-Flaeche.png

RechteckFenster-Schnitt-Detail-1.png

Case A (Window as a simple surface)

Case B (Window as a textured surface)

Case C (Window modeled in detail with surfaces only visible from the outside)

Case D (Window as a solid)

  • In order to ensure a closed outer shell of the building, the windows should not be modeled in an opened state ( case A ) but in closed condition ( case B ).

Fenster-offen-red-v1.png

Fenster-geschlossen-red-v1.png

Case A (Windows opened)

Case B (Windows closed)

Attributes
bldg:lod3MultiSurface
points to the LoD3 surface geometry
Examples

Simple windows

Simple windows with embrasure

Windows modeled in detail

Beispiel-Fenster-GanzEinfach-Red-V1.png

Beispiel-Fenster-Einfach-Red-V1.png

Beispiel-Fenster-Komplex-Red-V1.png

Number of Polygons (Complete Model) = 28

Number of Polygons (Complete Model) = 412

Number of Polygons (Complete Model) = 6269

Extended Modeling

The Extended Modeling covers the modeling of frequently appearing architectural building components which significantly form the building's outer appearence. These building components are modeled as building installations as a general rule.

Balconies

Definition

SIG3D: A Balcony is a platform attached to a building which lies above the terrain level and projects from the building structure. It is supported by columns or console brackets, and enclosed with a balustrade [cit. en. Wikipedia]. The word's origin lies in the Italian word "balcone", which itself originates from the old-high-german word "balcho".

CityGML Feature
  • LOD1: not available
  • LOD2: bldg:BuildingInstallation
  • LOD3: bldg:BuildingInstallation
Geometry
  • gml:Geometry recommended
    • Threshold LOD2:
      • Modeling only, if the balcony's depth >= 0.5 m;
        • Plane ground-area, if the component's thickness <= 0.5 m;
        • Plane side-walls, if the component's thickness <= 0.5 m;
    • Threshold LOD3:
      • Modeling only, if the balcony's depth >= 0.2 m;
        • Plane ground-Area, if the component's thickness <= 0.2 m;
        • Plane side-walls, if the component's thickness <= 0.2 m;
    • Modeling principle
      • The building contains all geometry-containing border surfaces.
      • The balcony is modeled as a Building Installation with Geometry. That is without semantic differentiation.
      • The building's volume references (Xlink) to the corresponding boarder surfaces.

Balkon-Prinzip.png

Modeling principle of a balcony
  • bldg:boundedBy not recommended
Attributes
bldg:function
Balcony (1000); see SIG 3D Codelistrecommendation for bldg:BuildingInstallation --> function
bldg:boundedBy
not recommended: A Balcony is considered as one building component which is semantically not subdivided any further.
Examples

Balconies

Real Building

CityGML LOD0

CityGML LOD1

CityGML LOD2

CityGML LOD3

KHH-3-Balkone-01-red.JPG

KHH-3-Balkone-01-LOD0.png

KHH-3-Balkone-01-LOD1.png

KHH-3-Balkone-01-LOD2.png

KHH-3-Balkone-01-LOD3.png

CityGML download

CityGML download

CityGML download

CityGML download

Above terrain level, projected from the building structure --> Balcony


Eckbalkon-03-red.png

Eckbalkon-LOD0-01.png

Eckbalkon-LOD1-01.png

Eckbalkon-LOD2-01.png

Eckbalkon-LOD3-02.png

CityGML download

CityGML download

CityGML download

CityGML download

Above terrain level, partly projected from the building structure, not bounded by 3 walls --> Balcony (no Loggia)


Loggias

Definition

SIG3D: A Loggia is an enclosed on top exterior room within the building footprint, which is surrounded by 3 walls at full storey height. From an architectonical point of view, a Loggia (from the Italian) is a room within a building, which opens to the exterior area by means of archs or other constructional appliances. At ground floor level, Loggias create a passage between the interior area and the exterior area. At upper floor levels, Loggias are used as connection passages or as outdoor seating.

CityGML Feature
  • LOD1: not available
  • LOD2: bldg:BuildingInstallation
  • LOD3: bldg:BuildingInstallation
Geometry
  • gml:Geometry not recommended
  • bldg:boundedBy recommended
    • Threshold LOD2:
      • Modeling only, if the Loggia's depth >= 0.5 m;
    • Threshold LOD3:
      • Modeling only, if the Loggia's depth >= 0.2 m;
    • Modeling Principle
      • The building contains all geometry-containing boundary surfaces
      • The Loggia (BuildingInstallation) references (Xlink) to the building's corresponding boundary surfaces. If the Loggia's floor is not part of the exterior building structure, it will be modeled as boundary surface at the building installation.
      • The building's volume references (Xlink) to the building's corresponding boundary surfaces.

Loggia-Prinzip-v2.png

Modeling Principle of a Loggia
Attributes
bldg:function
Loggia (1001); see SIG 3D Codelist recommendation for bldg:BuildingInstallation --> function
bldg:boundedBy
recommended: A Loggia is considered as a building component which semantically consists of the building's boundary surfaces and possibly an exterior floor surface.


Examples

Loggien

Real Building

CityGML LOD0

CityGML LOD1

CityGML LOD2

CityGML LOD3

Real Loggia Z09.png Interior Loggia

LOD1 Loggia Z09.png

200px CityGML download

LOD1 Loggia Z12.png

200px CityGML download

Real Loggia Z13.png Partly set back ground floor

LOD1 Loggia Z14.png

200px CityGML download *

Real Loggia Z13.png Multi-storey building with interior Loggias

LOD1 Loggia Z14.png

200px CityGML download *

LOD1 Loggia Z16.png

200px CityGML download *

Real Loggia Z17.png Multi-storey building, Loggias across the whole front-width and height

LOD1 Loggia Z17.png

200px CityGML download *

LOD1 Loggia Z17.png

200px CityGML download *

200px Loggias across half the front-width (row house)

[[image:|200px]] 

Kamen Am Langen Kamp 25

200px CityGML download *

200px Projecting Loggias

LOD1 Loggia Z14.png

LOD2 Loggia Z19.png CityGML download *

* In this example, the geometry is modeled within the lod2Solid but not within the specified BoundarySurface elements (opposed to the standard)!

Passages

Definition

SIG3D: An open Passage is a part of a building at ground level for vehicles to drive through the building. It is bounded by walls and a roof.

CityGML Feature
  • LoD1: not available
  • LoD2: bldg:BuildingInstallation
  • LoD3: bldg:BuildingInstallation
Geometry
  • gml:Geometry not recommended
  • bldg:boundedBy recommended
    • Threshold LOD2 / LOD3:
      • Modeling only, if the passage's depth and height >= 2 m;
    • Modeling Principle (passage in a building)
      • The building contains all geometry-containing boundary surfaces.
      • The passage (BuildingInstallation) references (Xlink) to the building's corresponding boundary surfaces.
      • The building's volume references (Xlink) to the building's corresponding boarder surfaces.
        Durchfahrt-Prinzip.png
        Modeling principle of a passage
    • Modeling Principle (Shared passage through two buildings)
      • Each building contains all geometry-containing boundary surfaces
      • The passage (BuildingInstallation) is assigned to the building which contains the greater part of the passage. The passage references (Xlink) to the building's corresponding boarder surfaces and complements the passage with bounding geometry at the BuildingInstallation.
      • The building's volume references (Xlink) to the building's corresponding boarder surfaces.

        Durchfahrt-Prinzip-Var-2.png

        Modeling principle of a shared passage


        Note: The modeling of buildings with a closed building construction is described in Kapitel 3.7

        Attributes
        bldg:function
        Passage(1002); see SIG 3D codelist recommendation for bldg:BuildingInstallation --> function
        bldg:boundedBy
        recommended: A passage is considered as a building component which semantically consists of the building's boundary surfaces and possibly an exterior floor surface.
        Examples

        Passages

        Actual Example

        CityGML LoD0

        CityGML LoD1

        CityGML LoD2

        CityGML LoD3

        Real Durchfahrt Z26.png Passage inside of a building

        LOD1 Durchfahrt Z26.png CityGML download

        200px
        CityGML download

        200px Two buildings with a shared passage

        LOD1 Durchfahrt Z26.png

        200px
        CityGML download

        Two buildings with separate passages

        LOD1 Durchfahrt Z27.png

        200px
        CityGML download

        Two offset buildings with separate passages

        LOD1 Durchfahrt Z29.png

        200px
        CityGML download

        200px Two buildings with onesided passage

        LOD1 Durchfahrt Z27.png

        200px
        CityGML download

        200px Two buildings with a connection section

        LOD1 Durchfahrt Z31.png

        LOD2 Durchfahrt Z31.png

        Real Durchfahrt Z53.png Upper floor passage

        LOD1 Durchfahrt Z53.png

        LOD2 Durchfahrt Z53.png

        Dormers / Zwerchhaus (Zwerchgiebel)

        Definition

        SIG3D: SIG3D: A dormer' is a structural element of a building that protrudes from the plane of a sloping roof surface. Dormers are used, either in original construction or as later additions, to create usable space in the roof of a building by adding headroom and usually also by enabling addition of windows [Wikipedia].

        A dormer does not lie on the same plane as the building's exterior wall. The dormer (or the dormer's footprint) has a minimum offset of 0,5 m and lies inside the building's footprint.

        SIG3D: The Zwerchhaus is a one or more story installation of a sloping roof surface. It consists of a gable and its own roof. The !!!Zwerchgiebel!!! follows the exterior wall's building line. That represents the difference between a !!!Zwerchhaus!!! and a gable, because a gable does not have to follow the building line. The roof of the !!!Zwerchhaus!!! is often designed as a ridge roof. The ridge follows cross to the main roof's ridge. So the rainwater pipes continue in an orthogonal way to each other.

        Note: The zwerchhaus is not modeled as a part of the building installation, but as a building's boundary surface itself.

        CityGML Feature
        • LOD1: not available
        • LOD2: bldg:BuildingInstallation
        • LOD3: bldg:BuildingInstallation
        Geometry
        • gml:Geometry not recommended
        • bldg:boundedBy recommended
          • Threshold LOD2:
            • Modeling only, if the dormer's height >= 2 m;
          • Threshold LOD3:
          • Modeling Principle
            • The building contains all geometry-containing boundary surfaces of the building structure. To close the building's volume, a ClosureSurface is modeled into the roof's gap.
            • The dormer (BuildingInstallation) contains all geometry-containing boundary surfaces of the dormer. To close the volume, either a ClosureSurface is modeled or it is closed by referencing to the building's corresponding ClosureSurface (Xlink to OrientableSurface).
            • The building's volume, the building structure's volume and the volume of the dormer (CompositeSolid) reference (Xlink)to the corresponding boundary surfaces of the building structure and dormer.

        Dachgaube-Prinzip.png

        Modelling Principle of a dormer
        Attributes
        bldg:function
        Dormer (1003); see SIG 3D codelisten recommendation forbldg:BuildingInstallation --> function
        bldg:boundedBy
        recommended: A dormer is considered as a building component which semantically consists of the building's boundary surfaces.
        Examples

        Dormer

        Actual Example

        CityGML LOD0

        CityGML LOD1

        CityGML LOD2

        CityGML LOD3

        200px CityGML download


        Dormer (Gable)

        Real Building

        CityGML LOD0

        CityGML LOD1

        CityGML LOD2

        CityGML LOD3

        Zwerchhaus-Foto-V3.jpg

        Zwerchgiebel-LOD0-v02.png

        CityGML download

        Zwerchgiebel-LOD1-v02.png

        CityGML download

        Zwerchgiebel-LOD2-v02.png

        CityGML download

        Zwerchgiebel-LOD3-v02.png

        CityGML download

        Arcades / Architrav

        Definition

        SIG3D: An arcade is a succession of arches, each counter thrusting the next, supported by columns or piers, or a covered walk enclosed by a line of such arches on one or both sides. In warmer or wet climates, exterior arcades provide shelter for pedestrians.[Wikipedia]

        SIG3D: An architrave (from Italian architrave, from Greek ἀρχι, archi- and Latin trabs, bar) is the lintel or beam that rests on the capitals of the columns. It is an architectural element in Classical architecture. In the ancient world, it was also called Epistyl because it was commonly built on pillars.[Wikipedia]

        CityGML Feature
        • LOD1: not available
        • LOD2: bldg:BuildingInstallation
        • LOD3: bldg:BuildingInstallation
        Geometry
        • gml:Geometry net recommended
        • bldg:boundedBy recommended
          • Threshold LOD2:
            • Threshold-values for the modelling of beams: all sides of the beam's BoundingBox are >= 0.5 m
          • Modelling principle
            • The building contains all geometry-containing boundary surfaces
            • The Arcade (BuildingInstallation) references (Xlink) to the building's corresponding boundary surfaces
            • The building's volume references (Xlink) to the building's corresponding boundary surfaces

        Arkade-Prinzip.png

        Modelling principle of an arcade
        Attributes
        bldg:function
        Arcade (1009); see SIG 3D codelist recommendation for bldg:BuildingInstallation --> function
        bldg:boundedBy
        recommended: An Arcade is considered as a building component which semantically consists of the building's boundary surfaces.
        Examples

        Arcades

        Actual example

        CityGML LOD0

        CityGML LOD1

        CityGML LOD2

        CityGML LOD3

        Real Arkaden.png

        LOD1 Arkaden.png


        LOD2 Arkaden V1.png

        LOD2 Arkaden V2.png


        Arcade

        Real Building

        CityGML LOD0

        CityGML LOD1

        CityGML LOD2

        CityGML LOD3

        200px


        Arkade-LOD0-v01-red.png CityGML download

        Arkade-LOD1-v01-red.png CityGML download

        Arkade-LOD2-v01-red.png CityGML download

        Arkade-LOD3-v01-red.png CityGML download

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